Reward System in Educational Settings Essay Example for Free

Reward System in Educational Settings EssayThe recompense systems used in educational settings originates from psychology of behavior that specifically gives specific emphasis on promoting good discipline in educational settings. Education institutions argon able to make of import differences in childrens behavior by setting out definite rules and stipulating sanctions and rewards for violating them. The fundamental nature of much(prenominal) systems is the idea that students can choose how to conduct themselves. Therefore, by rewarding and recognizing good behaviors whereas bad ones are punished, it is believed that students will aspire to choose good behaviors. A number of psychologists argue that in approximately cases education institutions strain on rectifying bad behaviors only rather than recognizing or reinforcing good behavior among students. They therefore criticize such an approach as existence too canonical because it eliminates the framework within which stu dents conduct occurs and leaves total liability up on individual for their behavior. Although such criticizing arguments behave been put forward, reward systems have been widely follow in most education institutions especially primary and secondary schools.There are argued to impact positively on students behavior and death penalty as head as to teachers (Kohn, 1993). In regard to this, psychologists have explained the reward systems using a number of knowledge theories which relates the psychology and education disciplines. Learning is the subject matter through which cognitive, emotional, and environment influences and experiences suitable for enhancing, acquiring, or making ones skills, knowledge, and values are brought together.Thus, the encyclopaedism process puts emphasis on events that occur in the breeding environment and this is explained by a number of learning theories. The learning theories clarify on how animals and people learn thus aiding us to understand the inherent complex learning process. All the learning theories which have been put forward by various psychologists are grouped into three categories cognitive, behavior, constructivism and social-cognitive. Motivation of students is the basic necessity to guarantee winner of any education enterprise.The dynamics of motivation can be explained as the types of academic and social goals which students brings into the classrooms, motivating elements of such goals, and the existing reward systems that together sway the quantity and quality of learning as well as the will to keep on learning (Deci Ryan, 1986). Motivation has been categorized by psychologists into four groups submissive motivation, achievement motivation, indispensable motivation, and social motivation.However, more than one type of motivation may occur to a student at a given time. slavish motivation as a type of motivation is exclusively extrinsic because students carry out tasks as they are influenced by probable f inal consequences such as the probability of acquiring material rewards or keeping away from a reprimand. Therefore, in cases of such motivation, teachers are supposed to ensure that tasks being performed are put in contexts that students perceive pleasant.Social motivation argues that students execute tasks in order to please people they admire, respect or whose views are of significance to them. In regard to this social motivation, rewards have no significance although tangible as well as immaterial. Besides, rewards are correlated expressly to the perceived association surrounded by the learners and the teachers or instructors whose underpinning activities such as praise and approval are considered important.Achievement motivation involves students learning and hoping for success and it has three components cognitive drive whereby students attempts to satisfy place need to know self enhancement learners satisfy the call for self-respect affiliation learners seek support from n ew(prenominal)s Intrinsic motivation is characterized by the absence of outdoor(a) rewards hence tasks are undertaken for the pleasure and satisfaction they bring the students. It appears to be fundamental to high quality participation in an undertaking as well as being self-terminating and self-maintaining.Curiosity and a desire to meet challenges may characterize the learning of students do in this style (Ardord, 2006). To clearly explain the system of reward in schools, a few theories are explained. Maslows theory of motivation focuses on a persons striving for excellence and he explained this through hierarchy of benignant needs. Maslow pointed out that every human being is a wanting animal hence he supposed that an individuals behavior at any given time is dominated by his/her needs that have largest potency.As lower level mental needs of a person are sufficiently achieved, the needs for higher level psychological needs come in handy. In the context of education, Maslows th eory argues that students cannot and/or are not willing to learn or put more effort if their basic needs are not provided or met. Therefore, students require psychological needs to be met alongside their safety feelings and a sense of belonging. Such leads to spontaneous sense as learners who are hungry will not concentrate, nor will learners who are bullied and neither will learners who perceive to be outsiders and without friends.According to Maslow, learners are caused if they are self-actualized and any hindrances affects learning environment considerably (Ibid, 2006). Skinner came up with a theoretical framework referred to as operant conditioning to explain that human beings cannot learn best without being provided or promised with a reward. He argued that human beings like every other organisms makes a direct and anticipated response operant- when they are aware that there is a reward.Therefore, in cases where a response happens and emphasized, there is increased probability that it will happen again when a comparable stimulus is present. Hence, skinner argued that students flow to learn best when behavioural change occurs. In his experiment, Skinner had come up with learning units referred to as contingencies of reinforcement. These are sequences within which behaviors or responses are followed by reinforcing stimuli. The outstanding learning principle in this theory states that behaviors/responses are naturally produced without bring out stimuli.Besides, such behaviors are operants as their production can be instrumental in punishing or reinforcing consequences among students. Therefore, this theory is useful in understanding a persons learning, social interaction, and human development via making open a number of normal law relationships created into human life by God. Thus, the theory concurs on the necessity to have a system of reward in schools found on students behavior which seems notable (Tayo, 2001).Penn in his work argues that in self-wort h theory, motivation is the one of most vital factors to determine the attitude of learners as well as their behavior as a sense of self-respect. The answer to self-worth is learners perception of his/her own capability particular propositionly when compared to others. If an imaginary hierarchy of self-worth is drawn, learners will ply to give ability the first priority, followed by effort and performance. The theory as claimed can be explained by equating both worth and ability.The author quoting other psychologists writes that applying personal goal-setting arrangements (gives learners a chance to define their own criteria for success), outcome-based evaluation and instruction (slower learning students experience success without competing with faster learning students), attribution learning (facilitates blase learners to consider failure being the lack of effort instead of ability), and cooperative learning activities (facilitates learners in understanding that individual effort contributes to personal as well as group goals) removes barriers to achieving motivation and redirects learners behavior far away from letdown-avoiding activities in educational settings (Penn, 2002). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation theories differ only in ground of goals that different student have. Intrinsic motivation argues that students study just for the sake. The learners derive personal satisfaction as well as learning new ideas from learning and regard them as a reward (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). On the other hand, extrinsically motivated students are influenced by outside influences for instance praise from peer and teacher, attaining good grades, and/or any other form of reinforcement a peer or teacher can offer.Some people have argued that intrinsically motivated students tend to learn more as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated. Reason may be because intrinsically motivated learners as well extrinsically motivated. However, extrinsically motivated learners are seldom motivated intrinsically. Extrinsic rewards encompasses use of tangible rewards such as payments and gifts so as to keep learners interested in particular subjects as well as motivate them (Deci Ryan, 2002). Intrinsic motivation has for a long time been criticized for its unconstructive influence on intrinsic motivation as well as being claimed to have a short term effect. In regard to intrinsic motivation, learners have the feelings of self-determination, pride, and competence.However, students are highly interested in activities when they are motivated by gifts, prizes, grades, or money as long as they received anticipated reward. Therefore, with time a student who receives a reward for their performance in a particular subject, they gradually become interested in it and develop intrinsic motivation. A big difference exists between tangible rewards (candy, money, certificates) and verbal rewards (praise, positive feedback). Tangible rewards influences intrinsic motivation negatively and destroy self-regulation (Wilson Corpus, 2001). Conclusion Although the reward system has for a long time been applied in schools, a couple of issues need to be addressed if it will remain effective.Teachers and parents needs to be consistent in using rewards and sanctions, the reward system whether individual, cooperative or competitive should be monitored on regular basis, keeping-off from rewards that have monetary worth or those that indicates that school tasks are of no value, and making certain that rewards are deserved and genuine rather than being routine (Anti-Bullying Network, 2000). Whichever the reward system an education institution adopts, a positive culture in schools is established reason being efforts and good behaviors of the pupils are recognized. Thus, most students tend to put more effort so as to achieve established rewards and as a result the overall performance of school improves.

Facing the Giants focuses Essay Example for Free

Facing the Giants focuses EssayThe movie entitled Facing the Giants focuses on the life and struggles of a high school footb wholly game coach, Grant Taylor. It represents a life full of problems and difficulties but was able to overcome them every last(predicate) because of Gods power and intervention. It centers on the theme that with God all things are possible. it tells about what faith can do in times of difficulties. As a high school football coach his life circles well-nigh his team. His goal is to win the game but his team is always on the losing side. He pressures his team towards success but it would not come.He has friends and family to support him all the time. Later on he realizes that his family relationship with God is not that deep and personal. He started to re commit his life to God. He started to build his faith and desire God for every details of his life. This also changes his communication techniques with his team. Using the EMC equation (identified nee d +intentional resourcing= enlarging the conversation) in the story, the coach identified the needs of his team and set about ways to meet and provide this needs. He enlarges the conversation by not just talking about the game but also including God in the whole process.The coach build his teams confidence and provide all the trainings and at the same time talks about their spiritual life and right relationship with God. They started to have bible studies and become prayerful. Success in every areas of his life followed. Looking at the role of enlarging the conversational context, significant changes in their relationship occurs. It link the gaps and promotes understanding, trust and encouragement. The relationships expand and develop into more satisfying and enduring experience.

Research Review on Accuracy of Memory

Research Review on Accuracy of MemoryMeghan Amber-Rose TurnbullExplain and evaluate what research has taught us about why our memories argon non always accurate.Memoryp1 is a mechanism whereby the brain installs and retrieves information to be used in everyday life. Psychologists piddle come to guess the existence of retrospect, as we do not continuously re-learn information every time it is of need. This is what lead psychologists to develop three key processes in remembrance. These are encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding processes draw in information from the after-school(prenominal) world use the senses. Each piece of information is given a unique code to en open it to be entered into the memory system. Storage processes use this coded information to enable the memory system to retain information. This coded information is stored as internal representations which come in varying forms such as words, faces, sounds etc. Retrieval processes enable access to the stored information and come in two forms, recognition and recall. Recognition matches coded information which is stored to what is being perceived in the outside world whereas recall (brings information that is stored to your attention.) involves searching memory stores. Recall is what helps you to remember where you last placed an object such as your wallet. These three memory processes lap up together, therefore, how easy and how a lot information is encoded then determines how much is stored and retrieved (Brace, 2007, pp113-114). This essay will now explain and evaluate what research has taught us about why our memories are not always accurate.One possible reason for memory in true statement is the presence of neuropsychological impairment or accidental brain damage. Localization of function is a theoretical method that believes particular areas of the brain play a key role in functions such as memory. When take aparting this, psychologists use brain see technology such as positro n emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients are asked to complete certain mental tasks during a s push aside. The scans can then pick up brain activity and pin point which part of the brain is not functioning correctly. This can enable psychologists to understand why or how their memory may not be accurate and help in patients recovery. Unfortunately for some, the damage may be too severe and incurable. This can be seen in patients suffering from Alzheimers and dementia. (Brace and Roth, 2007, pp144-145p2)Research conducted by (Martin) Conway and colleagues looked at how well students retained information, over a 12 year period, after completing a cognitive psychology course. The experiment tested for general overall knowledge of what was studied and they found that names were forgotten rather than principals and statistics. This is possibly due to less information being coded to a name than that of principals and statistics when informat ion was originally taken inp3. This could be seen as a demarcation as important information can be forgotten due to a fault in one of the key processes (in this case at encoding). Their study also found a significant strength as after 4 years the participants memories stabilized and what they were still able to severalise at this point would potentially stay in their memory for life, meaning the participants know the information rather than remember it. (Brace and Roth, 2007, pp118)Other researchers that focused on the accuracy of memory were Loftus and Palmer (1974). They looked at the effect that leadership distrusts can have on memory. They did this by conducting an experiment whereby participants were shown video clips of car accidents. Each participant was then asked a variation of the question about how straightaway were the cars going when they hit each other? with the verb hit being changed each time for a more cherry verb such as smashed, collided and bumped. The part icipants estimates of speed were much higher when asked how fast a car was going when it smashed into the other car. It seems that the more red-faced verb convinced the participants that the cars in that clip were going faster when they were all the same speed. In a similar second experiment, one third were asked About how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other?, one third were asked how fast they were going when they hit and a control group were not asked a question. subsequently seven days all participants were then asked the question did you see any broken glass? Out of the participants that had been asked the more violent leading question using the word smashed, 32 per cent admitted to seeing broken glass, even though there had been no broken glass shown on the video clip. An reinforcement of the research conducted by Loftus and Palmer (1974), is that it gained a lot of knowledge into the misinformation effect. This means information that is given to a per son after an event takes place can rattling override (or merge with) the memory that they originally have due to the memory not being encoded properlyp4. Yet, this can also be seen as a damage as If memory can be influenced this easily using only leading questions, it could be used to effect witness testimonies and people can be made to remember events that they did not actually witness. (Brace, 2007, pp133-134)There is also much to be said about the accuracy of autobiographical memories, which are episodes that an somebody can remember from their life. This includes past experiences and biographical information. From this, Brown and Kulik (1977) devised the flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memories are formed when certain conditions, such as surprising and emotionally arousing events, are met and hold detailed and stable memories. Brown and Kulik (1977) used insider viewpoints in their research and found that memories of events, such as the assassination of John F Kennedy and Martin Luther King, were highly detailed and much more accurate than other memories. A limitation to this area of research is that it depends solely on personal circumstance. What an individual finds, surprising, arousing and important will determine how well they will remember an event. For instance, the assassination of Martin Luther King registered a higher number of flashbulb memories with black compass north Americans than white North Americans. This means the accounts of white North Americans were less accurate (of the event) than the accounts of black North Americans. However, their research also showed a significant strength in memory recall as flashbulb memories store such a detailed and vivid account of what happened. When asked, participants could remember who they were with, where they were and exactly what they were doing when they learned of the surprising event. (Brace, 2007, pp140p5)Collective memories also play a part in how accurate recollections of past events can be. J ean Piaget (1960) spoke of his own experience of collective memory. Piaget was able to describe in detail an instance when a bit tried to kidnap him as a child. Subsequently, at the age of fifteen Paigets nanny wrote to his family to admit that she had made the story up and the attempted catch never took place. Fifty years on, Piaget could still remember the scratches the man had left on the face of his nanny during the supposed event. Paigets collective memory of the abduct is possibly due to family repeatedly discussing in detail what happened. Over a period of time, Piaget came to believe that he had witnessed this kidnapping and formed memories of what happened based on what others had told him. (An expediency of this is that) Piaget was able to recall this particular memory in so much detail after fifty years, showing that the information had been told was encoded and stored perfectly and thus was able to be retrieved. This instance shows how memory is not always accurate , as Piaget describes his memory of the kidnapping as being witnessed first-hand. Essentially, his memory of the event was fabricated from information he had been told by family members. (Brace, 2007, pp143p6)Research has shown that there are many factors that can affect the accuracy of our memoryp7. However, these factors are dependent on individual and personal circumstance. The research of Conway (1991) verbalize that memory inaccuracies were due to a fault in one of the key processes. For instance, if there isnt enough information taken in and coded it makes it highly toilsome for the information to be retrieved in any detail. Piaget (1960) and Loftus and Palmer (1974) both focused on the effect that other people can have on influencing the memory of an individual (. Meaning) illustrating that others can make you believe you have witnessed a situation just by talking about it often enough or using leading questions and persuasive verbiage . The research of Brown and Kulik (1 977) concentrated more on personal circumstance. They found that how accurate a persons memory is of a situation depends on how interesting, surprising or emotionally stimulating they, as a person, find the event. What also must be taken into consideration is the supposition of brain damage and neuropsychological impairment this can affect the accuracy of memory as the part of the brain that is responsible for memory recall may be damaged in some way. To conclude, the research mentioned in this essay has given a vast pool of knowledge into why our memories are not always accurate.ReferencesBrace, N. and Roth, I. (2007) Memory structures, processes and skills In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds.), Mapping Psychology, Chapter 8 (2nd ed, pp. 113145). Milton Keynes The Open University.Brown, R. and Kulik, J. (1977) Flashbulb memories, Cognition, vol.5, pp.73-99p8.Conway, M.A., Cohen, G.M. and Stanhope, N. (1991) On the very long-term retention of knowledge acquired through balloc k education twelve years of cognitive psychology, Journal of experimental psychology General, vol.120, pp.395-409.Loftus, E.F. and Palmer, J.C. (1974) Reconstruction of automobile destruction an example of the interaction between language and memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, vol.13, pp.585-9.Piaget, J. (1960) Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood, New York, Nortonp1A good introduction in terms of explaining what is involved in memory and the issue, but you need to state precisely how you plan to organise the essay.p2Note that individuals may also vary in memory function due to brain differences.p3This is a good point names do not have a specific meaning nor do they relate to the person (except in some cultures) so are easily forgotten.p4In fact there is debate about the cause of the misinformation effect which could also be due to not attending at encoding, due to fear or misattributing the source of information so it is thought to be real (as with Piagets story and Crombags study of memories of an air crash.).p5You might have commented that some psychologists question how accurate flashbulb memories are.p6Like the memory of Loftus and Palmers participants their memory was reconstructed.p7This conclusion is well focused on the evaluative part of the question and summarises your points well. You might also have considered methodological issues.p8Dont simply add references from the end of the chapter unless you have read them first hand. If you have read ABOUT them in the course book you need only cite them in the main body of the essay.

Report on Critical Review of Binary Search Tree Algorithm

Report on Critical Review of binary look Tree algorithmic ruleic ruleWhat is double star Search Tree? binary program try tree (BST) is a dynamic data structure, which means that its size is only limited by amount of free memory in the data processor and topic of elements may differ during the program executed. BST has aComparableKey (and an associated value) for to each one. All elements in its left sub-tree are less-or- fair to middling to the guest (, and all the elements in its right sub-tree are greater than the node (). Assumexbe a node in a binary hunt tree. Ifyis a node in the left sub-tree ofx, becausekeyy x.Ifyis a node in the right sub-tree ofx,thenkeyx y.A main pro of binary attend trees is fast searching.There are three type of binary search treeInorder travePreorder traversalPostorder traversalIn inorder traversal, the left sub-tree of the habituated node is visited for the first time, then the value at the assumption node is printed and then the right sub- tree of the given node is visited. This process is utilize recursively all the node in the tree until either the left sub-tree is drop or the right sub tree is empty.Java code for inorder traversal earthly concern vacate printInorder()printInOrderRec(root)System.out.println()/*** Helper system to recursively print the contents in an inorder course*/ esoteric void printInOrderRec( thickening currRoot)if ( currRoot == null )returnprintInOrderRec(currRoot.left)System.out.print(currRoot.value+, )printInOrderRec(currRoot.right)In preorder traversal, the value at the given node is printed first and then the left sub-tree of the given node is visited and then the right sub-tree of the given node is visited. This process is applied recursively all the node in the tree until either the left sub-tree is empty or the right sub tree is empty.Java code for preorder traversalpublic void printPreorder() printPreOrderRec(root)System.out.println()/*** Helper method to recursively print the cont ents in a Preorder way*/ undercover void printPreOrderRec(Node currRoot) if (currRoot == null) returnSystem.out.print(currRoot.value + , )printPreOrderRec(currRoot.left)printPreOrderRec(currRoot.right)In postorder traversal, the left sub-tree of the given node is traversed first, then the right sub-tree of the given node is traversed and then the value at the given node is printed. This process is applied recursively all the node in the tree until either the left sub-tree is empty or the right sub-tree is empty.Java code for postorder traversalpublic void printPostorder() printPostOrderRec(root)System.out.println()/*** Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Postorder way*/private void printPostOrderRec(Node currRoot) if (currRoot == null) returnprintPostOrderRec(currRoot.left)printPostOrderRec(currRoot.right)System.out.print(currRoot.value + , )Full code example for BST//Represents a node in the Binary Search Tree.class Node//The value present in the node.public int va lue//The reference to the left subtree.public Node left//The reference to the right subtree.public Node rightpublic Node(int value)this.value = value//Represents the Binary Search Tree.class BinarySearchTree//Refrence for the root of the tree.public Node rootpublic BinarySearchTree insert(int value)Node node = new Node(value)if (root == null)root = nodereturn thisinsertRec(root, node)return thisprivate void insertRec(Node latestRoot, Node node)if (latestRoot.value node.value)if (latestRoot.left == null)latestRoot.left = nodereturn elseinsertRec(latestRoot.left, node) elseif (latestRoot.right == null)latestRoot.right = nodereturn elseinsertRec(latestRoot.right, node)//Returns the minimum value in the Binary Search Tree.public int findMinimum()if (root == null)return 0Node currNode = root firearm (currNode.left = null)currNode = currNode.leftreturn currNode.value//Returns the maximum value in the Binary Search Treepublic int findMaximum()if (root == null)return 0Node currNode = rootw hile (currNode.right = null)currNode = currNode.rightreturn currNode.value//Printing the contents of the tree in an inorder way.public void printInorder()printInOrderRec(root)System.out.println()//Helper method to recursively print the contents in an inorder wayprivate void printInOrderRec(Node currRoot)if (currRoot == null)returnprintInOrderRec(currRoot.left)System.out.print(currRoot.value + , )printInOrderRec(currRoot.right)//Printing the contents of the tree in a Preorder way.public void printPreorder()printPreOrderRec(root)System.out.println()//Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Preorder wayprivate void printPreOrderRec(Node currRoot)if (currRoot == null)returnSystem.out.print(currRoot.value + , )printPreOrderRec(currRoot.left)printPreOrderRec(currRoot.right)//Printing the contents of the tree in a Postorder way.public void printPostorder()printPostOrderRec(root)System.out.println()//Helper method to recursively print the contents in a Postorder wayprivate void printPostOrderRec(Node currRoot)if (currRoot == null)returnprintPostOrderRec(currRoot.left)printPostOrderRec(currRoot.right)System.out.print(currRoot.value + , )//Main method to run program.class BSTDemopublic electrostatic void main(String args )BinarySearchTree bst = new BinarySearchTree()bst .insert(10).insert(40).insert(37).insert(98).insert(51).insert(6).insert(73).insert(72).insert(64).insert(99).insert(13).insert(9)System.out.println(The Binary Search Tree Example)System.out.println(Inorder Traversal)bst.printInorder()System.out.println(Preorder Traversal)bst.printPreorder()System.out.println(Postorder Traversal)bst.printPostorder()System.out.println()System.out.println(The minimum value in the BST + bst.findMinimum())System.out.println(The maximum value in the BST + bst.findMaximum())Output exampleLinear Search AlgorithmLinear search, also known as sequential search, is a operation that checks every element in the list sequentially until the target element is effect. Th e computational complexness for linear search isO(n),making it mostly much less efficient than binary searchO(log n).But when list items can be arranged in order from sterling(prenominal) to lowest and the possibility appear as geometric distri entirelyion (f (x)=(1-p) x-1p, x=1,2),then linear search can have the potential to be greatly red-hot than binary search. The worst case cognitive process scenario for a linear search is that it needs to loop through the entire collection either because the item is the live on one, or because the item isnt found. In other words, if havingNitems in the collection, the worst case scenario to find an item isNiterations. This is known asO(N)using theBig O Notation. The speed of search grows linearly with the number of items within the collection. Linear searches dont require the collection to be sorted.Example java program to show linear search algorithmclass LinearSearchDemopublic static int linearSearch(int array, int key)int size = array.l engthfor(int i=0iif(arrayi == key)return ireturn -1public static void main(String a)int array1= 66,42,1,99,59,53,16,21int searchKey = 99System.out.println(Key +searchKey+ found at index +linearSearch(array1, searchKey))int array2= 460,129,128,994,632,807,777searchKey = 129System.out.println(Key +searchKey+ found at index +linearSearch(array2, searchKey))Output exampleWhy Linear Search?Alinear searchlooks down a list, one item at a time, without skipping. In complexity terms this is an O(n) search where the time taken to search the list gets bigger at the same rate as the list does. Binary searchtree when starts with the pith of a sorted list, and it see whether thats greater than or less than the value it looking for, which determines whether the value is in the first or second one-one-half of the list. Skip to the half way through the sub-list, and compare again. In complexity terms this is an O(log n) search where the number of search operations grows more slowly than the list do es, because it is halving the search length with each operation.For example, suppose to search for U in an A-Z list of letter where index 0-25 and the target value at index 20.A linear search would asklist0 == U? False. list1 == U? False. list2 == U? False. list3 == U? False.... list20 == U? True.Finished.The binary search would askComparelist12(M) with U Smaller, look kick upstairs on. (Range=13-25) Comparelist19(T) with U Smaller, look further on. (Range=20-25) Comparelist22(W) with U Bigger, look earlier. (Range=20-21) Comparelist20(U) with U Found it.Finished.Comparing the twoBinary search requires the input data to be sorted but linear search doesnt.Binary search requires anorderingcomparison but linear search only requires equality comparisons.Binary search has complexity O(log n) but linear search has complexity O(n).Binary search requires random access to the data but linear search only requires sequential access. (it means a linear search canstreamdata of arbitrary size) catchment area and Conquer AlgorithmDivide and conquer is a top-down technique for designing algorithms that consists of dividing the worry into smaller sub- jobs hoping that the solutions of the sub-problems are easier to find and then composing the partial derivative solutions into the solution of the original problem.Divide and conquer paradigm consists of following major phasesDivide Breaking the probleminto several sub-problems that are similar to the original problem but smaller in size.Conquer Solve the sub-problemrecursively (successively and independently).Combine these solutionsto sub-problems to create a solution to the original problem.The similarity with Binary Search Tree, it is a degenerate secernate and conquer search algorithm but with no combine phase. It searches for akeyin asortedvector then returning theindexwhere the key was found or return -1 when not found. It also reduces the problem size by half each recursion.The algorithm definitionDivides sorted vec tor into 2 halves.The lower halves contain values less or equal the key and the higher half values greater than or equal the key.If the low index exceeds the high index the key is not in the vector. lick the middle index of the vector.If the key equals the value at the middle of the vector, the index of the middle is returnedIf the key is less than the value at the middle of the vector, the lower half is searchedIf the key is greater than the value at the middle of the vector, the higher half is searchedOnly one of the halves is searched, reducing the problem size by half each time.Recursion TechniqueRecursionis a technique of solving problems that includes breaking down a problem into smaller and smaller sub-problems until get to a small enough problem that it can be solved trivially. Normally recursion includes a function calling itself. While it may not would appear to be much at first glance, recursion allow to write elegant solutions to problems that may otherwise be extremely hard to program. It is very similar with binary search tree that using basin and conquer technique which is breaking down problem into sub-problems.A binary search or half-interval search algorithm discover the position of a qualify value within a sorted array. In each step, the algorithm compares the input key value with the key value of the middle element of the array. If the keys match, then a matching element has been found so its index is returned. Otherwise, if the looked key is less than the middle elements key, then the algorithm repeats its action on the sub-array to the left of the middle element or, if the input key is greater, on the sub-array to the right. If the remaining array to be searched is reduced to zero, then the key cannot be found in the array and a special Not found indication is returned. Every repetition eliminates half of the remaining possibilities. This makes binary searches very efficient even for large collections. Binary search requires a sorted co llection. Additionally, binary searching can only be applied to a collection that allows random access (indexing).Worst case performance O(log n)Best case performance O(1)Recursion is utilized as a part in this algorithm because with each pass a new array is created by cutting the old one in half. The binary search procedure is then called recursively, this time on the new array. Commonly the arrays size is adjusted by manipulating a beginning and ending index. The algorithm exhibits a logarithmic order of growth because it essentially divides the problem domain in half with each pass. terminalThe conclusion is there is never be the best approach to follow blindly, each of these algorithms has its pros and cons. So, if there is any scenario or problem, it should be analyze first and simulate one of these algorithms to find whats suit.REFERENCEImplement Binary search in java using divide and conquer technique. Java search algorithm programs. 2014. ONLINE Available athttp//java2novi ce.com/java-search-algorithms/binary-search/. Accessed 26 October 2014.Best searching algorithm java coding algorithms. 2014 ONLINE Available athttp//tekmarathon.com/2012/10/05/best-searching-algorithm-2/. Accessed 26 October 2014.Linear Search. 2014.Linear Search. ONLINE Available athttp//algorithms.openmymind.net/search/linear.html. Accessed 26 October 2014.Java Recursion with examples. 2014. ONLINE Available athttp//danzig.jct.ac.il/java_class/recursion.html. Accessed 26 October 2014.Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms. 2014.Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms. ONLINE Available athttp//www.personal.kent.edu/rmuhamma/Algorithms/MyAlgorithms/divide.htm. Accessed 26 October 2014.Binary Search Trees. 2014.Binary Search Trees. ONLINE Available athttp//pages.cs.wisc.edu/vernon/cs367/notes/9.BST.html. Accessed 27 October 2014.Binary Trees . 2014.Binary Trees. ONLINE Available athttp//www.cs.cmu.edu/adamchik/15-121/lectures/Trees/trees.html. Accessed 27 October 2014.Data structures Why is Binary S earch a divide and conquer algorithm? Stack Overflow. 2014. ONLINE Available athttp//stackoverflow.com/questions/8850447/why-is-binary-search-a-divide-and-conquer-algorithm. Accessed 27 October 2014.

Marketing Of Coca Cola In The Uk Nepal Marketing Essay

selling Of coca plant dope In The Uk Nepal Marketing EssayCoca-Cola is one of the world leading and largest caller in the sector of beverages. It was established in 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton who was a pharmacist of Atlanta, Georgia USA. The brand has since make out household drink in more than(prenominal) than two hundred countries across the world. Carbonate drinks be the single largest component in Coca-Cola Company which cypher for nearly 78% of the total volume sold in 2008. The high society has more than 3000 harvestings of beverages and has nearly 500 brands in its portfolio includes Coca-Cola or food Coke family, Coca-cola enterprise (CCE). Likewise, wide range of changes including Fanta, Lilt, PowerAde and sprite.Coca cola in UKThe commercialize of carbonate in the UK is normally dominated by relatively few companies. These argon, in the main, subsidiaries of world-wide corporation such as the Coca Cola Company and Pepsi CO. Moreover, Coca-Cola, BSD and thro w label alone account for healthful over two thirds of the carbonates food market volume in the UK. The purpose of sale of BSD, In which PepsiCo already has a 10% administer, is handlely to make one of the these conventions even stronger in the UK market.Mainly, the major brand of Coca -Cola Company is nose candy or simply Coca-Cola. Other major brands of Coca-Cola UK portfolio contains Diet Coca-Cola, Cherry Coca-Cola, Fanta , Lilt, Sprite, Dr Pepper and Schweppes. Dr Pepper has been on sale in the United Kingdom since 1982, is account to more famous among the young and teenagers heaps in the UK.The operations of the Company in the UK ar categorized among CCE and Coca-Cola Great Britain (CCGB), where CCE is the manufacturer and distri exactlyor, likewise CCGB be extensives to the brands which set about more responsibility in the field of marketing.Coca cola in NepalAt counterbalance Coca-Cola was introduced in Nepal in 1973, which was imported from its neighbour coun chas tise India. Local production of Coca-cola in Nepal was started in 1979, with the establishment of Bottlers Nepal Limited (BNL). Coca-Cola Sabco was provided the right of bottling from the Coca-Cola Company to Nepal in 2004.BNL has plants in the detonator city Kathmandu and Bharatpur municipality, which is only the bottlefulr of Coca-Cola products in Nepal.The Marketing, Sales and Distribution strategy for BNL is mentioned as Refresh the Marketplace and contain a blue Consumer Response System to deal with the concerns, ideas and suggestions of the consumers.BNL is also dedicated to support the community through different programmes, mainly in the sector of health. In relationship with the local community, BNL also support by providing a Free Health Check-up Clinic at Bharatpur municipality.Facts/strategyThe Coca-Cola brand has been implemented the global marketing strategy. They are taking into account the whole world into the single market place and uniform marketing strategy wa s introduced by Coca-cola for many years, at present the trend is changing and versatile marketing campaigns are being prepared for the development of the Company in different regions of the world. Basically, decisions related to the Business are made on a interior(prenominal) basis to fit in with the culture and needs of the domestic community. In 1919 Coca-Cola decided to expand its railway line in the global community. The Coca-Cola Company decided to stimulate its operations around national boundaries and the query of its marketing was started in USA, china and new(prenominal) many countries of the global world. Due to the prospered and efficient marketing search of Coca-cola, it was able to expand its business globally in different places of the global world.Advertisement If we consider on advertising perspective of Coca-Cola Company, advertising has more successful power to increase customers demand worldwide. Basically, advertising has to be in line with the domestic culture. An adapted marketing mix defines adjusting the mix with the established culture, geographic, cost-effective and other differences in different nations of the globe.Coca-Cola Advertisements in NepalThe Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationshipsBottlers Nepal and Bottlers Nepal (Tarai) on lsat week announced the launch of their summer promotion campaign Coca-Cola football game great festival targeting soccer fans across the country. .According to Bottlers Nepal, customers need to purchase Coca-Cola, Fanta or Sprite and text the ten digits unique code under the bottle crown of to 4477 from mobile phone.The scheme is appropriate to all 200 ml and 250 ml returnable glass bottles or all sizes of PET bottles from April 1 to whitethorn 31, 2011. According to the Pranaya Sthapit, marketing manager of Bottelers Nepal, during the period of scheme, consumers can get a chance to win attractive Coca-Cola t-shirts, caps and free drinks (www.cocacola.com.np).Advertisem ent of Coca Cola in Rural sphere of Nepal.Figure 1.1Reference http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileCoke-nepal.jpgCoca-Cola Advertise in UKCoca cola follow integrated marketing communication theory in developed and advance country. In UK TV advert carries a point logo, envisions and message, then all newspaper adverts and point-of-sale materials should carry the homogeneous logo, images or message, or one that fits the same theme. Coca-Cola uses its familiar red and white logos and retains themes of togetherness and enjoyment throughout its marketing communications.Don caster Rovers Coca Cola Advert Piccadilly circus LondonReferences http//www.flickr.com/photos/crispy789/2498475157This place is the most popular and historical place in the London. More than 100,000 people visit it each day. Marketing affects perception of customer. This type of advertisements has count effect on customer perception from multinational and multicultural tourist in UK. They have different adverti sement and different type of product in the base on different demographic and behaviours people. When we compare the coca cola and other carbonate batty drinks advertisements in this time we can get in all different between each other. Coca cola only highlight its name rather than other things, the product promote itself .Coca- Cola brand image and its perception between the competitors helps to mouth publicity all over the world.Marketing Communication theory and Coca-ColaMarketing communication is the systematise relationship between business and its potential market where the marketer fills a wide and different variety of ideas, massage, degision.Forms, media shape and colours both to communicate idea to and to stimulate a particular perception of Coca-Cola Company by individual people who have been aggregated in to their target market Coca-Cola use the number of Marketing communication tools for assemble such as personal selling, sale promotion , public relationship and adver tisement.Coca Cola lunched simple wall Advertisement in Rural Area of Nepal. This has one of the simple communications strategies of Bottlers Nepal Limited. People who live in the rural airfield t havent any equipment of media such as TV, FM, Internet and good facilities of transport. Coca cola provides coke freeze to their consumer for selling their own product and they have strongly motivated to sell only their product.Simple communications models show a sender sending a message to a receiver who receives and understands it. Real life is less simple many messages are misunderstood, fail to draw or, are simply ignored.Thorough understanding of the audiences needs, emotions, interests and activities is essential to ensure the accuracy and relevance of any message.Marketing SystemInputProcessingOutputFeedbackFigure Marketing communicates process in Rural place of Nepal.Market Segmentation in Nepal Generally, Nepalese market was practiced mass marketing approach with range of produ ct in the past. Because of the changes in socio-economic field and developments in transport and communication sector have made Nepalese marketers conscious of market part. The marketing strategies of global Companies like Coca Cola have reinforced this realization.The following points describe the practices of market segmentation in Nepal.1. Non- magisterial basically, marketing segmentation is not based on systematic market research. Previous experiences, feeling of management and strategy of competitors have influenced marketing segmentation.2. Variables for Segmentation Different variables mainly employ for consumer market segmentation are disposed(p) belowGeographicDemographicPsychographicBehavioural3. Lack of Information Nepalese marketers lack comprehensive information about consumer characteristics. They tend to regard marketing research as a wasteful cost. This has constrained the effective evaluation of market segments in terms of their attractiveness and appropriatenes s. Risks are not properly assessed.4 political relation Policies Government policies in Nepal are not very supportive of marketing. They do not regard businessmen as partners for development. Restrictions of movement of goods and controls have discouraged market segmentation.5 Lack of Ethical Considerations Environmental and welfare considerations are generally disregarded for market segmentation in Nepal.The above points clearly indicate that the theory of market segmentation is at an initial stage in Nepal. However, the importance of market segmentation is likely to increase in the years to come.Market segmentation in UK.The companys beverages are generally for all consumers. However, there are some brands, which target specific consumers. For example, Coca- Colas diet soft drinks are targeted at consumers who are quondam(a) in age, between the years of 25 and 39. PowerAde sports water target those who are fit, healthy and do sport. Winnie the Pooh sipper cap Juice Drink target children between the ages 5-12. military positionPositioning is the process of creating, the image the product holds in the mind of Consumers, relating to competing products. Coca cola and Pepsi both make soft drinks, Pepsi may try to compete but they will still be seen as down market from coke.Coke has been positioned based on the process of positioning by direct comparisonAnd have positioned d their products to benefit their target markets. Most peopleCreate an image of a product by comparing it to another product, thus evidentthrough and through the famous battles between Coca-cola and Pepsi products.Product life cycleWhen referring to each and every product or service ever placed before the consumer i.e. in the long term all the existing products and services are dead. So every product is born, grows, matures and dies. So in the commercial market place products and services are created, launched and withdrawn in a process known as Product Life Cycle.To be able to market its pro duct properly, a business must be aware of the product life cycle of its product. The standard product life cycle tends to have five phases Development, Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. Coca-Cola is currently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced primarily by the fact that they have a large, loyal group of stable customers.Furthermore, cost management, product differentiation and marketing have become more important as festering slows and market share becomes the key determinant of profitability. In foreign markets the product life cycle is in more of a growth trend Cokes advantage in this area is mainly due to its establishment strong branding and it is now able to use this area of stable profitability to subsidize the domestic Cola Wars. Insert the picture of the product lifecycle.Financial objective in UKCoca-Cola Enterprises, the worlds largest bottler of Coca-Cola products which will soon be focussed purely on some of the largest but also most mature soft drin ks markets in Western Europe, is optimistic about the long-term growth prospects for this territory. The group aims to achieve in currency neutral terms revenue growth of 4% to 6% operating income growth of 6% to 8% earnings per share growth in a high single-digit range and return on invested capital improvement of 20 basis points or more per year.These metrics glitter the solid growth opportunity that lies ahead in Europe, says John Brock, chairman and chief executive of Coca-Cola Enterprises. They exceed our current long-term objectives. We are committed to these monetary objectives, and in turn, to creating real jimmy for our shareowners, our customers, and our employees.Financial Market share of coca cola in UKCoca-Cola has reported strong second-quarter profits, beating market expectations, thanks to salary increase international sales.Total profits were $2.37bn (1.56bn), up 16% from a year ago and narrowly above forecasts of $2.3bn.The beverage makers share price jumped 2. 3% in the first 15 minutes of New York trading.Revenues were up 4.8% to $8.67bn, thanks to rapid sales growth in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia.Among the best growth markets were Brazil, where sales volumes were up 13%, and India, up 22% since last year.The producer of Fanta, Sprite and Vitamin Water also reported a pick-up in growth albeit at a more sedate 2% pace in its home market of North America.In Europe, and, sales were down.1 referanceshttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-10716077, 21 July 2010 Last updated at 1542Coca-Cola Enterprise is the UK subsidiary for the Coca-Cola Company. In 2008 UKcarbonate was valued about 6billin with which Coca-Cola (GB) hold about 60% value inboth retail and on-trade. Britvic soft drink which is UK subsidiaries of PepsiCo and is themain competitor was second place in terms of market shares of 15% retail sales accordingto mintel. PepsiCos flagship brands in soft drinks are Pepsi, Pepsi Max, Diet Pepsi,Gatorade and Mountain Dew, and the company also owns Tropicana and Dole, the worldsleaders in fruit juice. GlaxoSmithKline PLC, a giant in healthcare products, is the UK thirdlargest carbonate drink and is also on a different scale from most drinks companies. Thecompany specialised in medicines and oral care, as well as three famous drinks brandsLucozade, Ribena and Horlicks.CCE, had a turnover of 1.43bn in the year ending 31st December 2006, up 2.4% on the previous year whereas For the year ending 30th September 2007, Britvic PLC put down total branded revenues of 716.3m, up by 5.7% on 2006.According to John Sicher of Beverage Digest (2009), Coca-Cola was the number one brandwith around 42.7% in 2008. PepsiCo was second, with 30.8%, however these market sharesfor both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have slightly decreased from 2007 to 2008. Coca-Colasvolume has also decreased 1.0% since 2007, whereas PepsiCos volume has increased0.3%. Strong growth of Coke range in the UK is probably due to the introduction of cokezero and Diet coke product. Coke Zero is the most significant of KOs new innovations. Thisbeverage is marketed as a calorie-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, omitting the diet labelin an attempt to appeal to new demographics. This brand alone accounted for nearly onethird of all 2006 growth for beverages bearing the Coca-Cola trademark.Reference http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08 strategic-analysis-coca-cola.htmlThe Top 10 Soft Drinks Companies in 2009 by market share.Coca-Cola ( bottling partners)PepsiCo ( bottling partners).Nestle.Suntory.Dr Pepper Snapple.Red Bull.Danone.Kirin.Asahi Breweries.Ito En.Coca-cola is number one for the 11th yearhttp//www.financenews.co.uk/ uncategorised/coca-cola-still-on-top-of-the-world/Coca-Cola has retained its spot as No 1 in annual ranking of the 100 Best Global Brands followed by IBM, Microsoft, Google and GE.The 2010 report estimates the Coca-Cola brand value at $70.5 billion, up by two per cent since 2009, said the Interbrand that uses a combination of analysts projections, company financial documents and its own qualitative and quantitative analysis to arrive at a net present value.Top 5 Global brands in 2010RankCompanyBrand Value1Coca-Cola$70.452m2IBM$64,727m3Microsoft$60,895m4Google$43,557m5GE$42,808mThe Himalaya Times ,Added At 2011-02-14 1218 AMThe market share of Coca Cola and its rival Pepsi might be 50-50 in many parts of the world but when it comes to Nepal, the market share structure would be 31. The factor which needs to be credited for this information of Coca Colas market share cannot be inflexible that easily. As far as I know, the factors could be, the management and the quality it has maintained. The company with the largest paper work in Nepal had Bottlers Nepal, the sole distributor for Coke in the second spot. This also proves that the management is good and the quality maintenance needs no description at all.thither were ups and downs in Coke. A couple of years or so, the workers went o n for a strike all over Nepal in Bottlers Company resulting the distribution and production into halt. To refuse this case, this halt was in existence in the peak season which was finally solved.The year 2008 could be different and nothing is predictable. The number one spot could be snatched by Microsoft in this present age of information technology. If only Coca Cola could come up with some beverage for chilling cold with the same brand, who knows they might still be at the number one spot for the next ten years or so.Friday, January 11, 2008 The carbonate market in the UK is dominated by relatively few companies. These are, In the main, subsidiaries of global conglomerates such as the coca cola company and Pepsi CO.Indeed, Coca-Cola, BSD and own label alone account for well over two thirds of the carbonates market volume in the UK.The purpose sale of BSD, In which PepsiCo already has a 10% share, is likely to make one of the these groups even stronger in the UK market.Financial objectivesOn September 7, 2010, CCE announced updated long-term financial objectives, including the followingRevenue growth of 4 percent to 6 percent in operation(p) income growth of 6 percent to 8 percentEarnings per share growth in a high single-digit range andReturn on invested capital improvement of 20 basis points or more per year.Coca cola market share by areaAreaNORTH AMERICALatin AMERICAEUROPE MIDDLE EASTASIAAFRICAVolume30%25%22%17%6%RANKING12345Figure 2Sources Business plan on coca-cola 8/8/2010MARKETING STRATEGYOur local marketing strategy enables Coke to hear to all the voices around the worldAsking for beverages that span the entire spectrum of tastes and occasions. What people want in abeverage is a reflection of who they are, where they live, how they work and play, and how they depressurize and recharge. Whether youre a student in the United States enjoying a refreshing Coca-Cola, a woman in Italy taking a tea break, a child in Peru asking for a juice drink, or a cou ple inKorea buying bottled water after a run together, were there for you. We are determined not onlyto make great drinks, but also to contribute to communities around the world through ourCommitments to education, health, wellness, and diversity. Coke strives to be a good neighbour, systematically shaping our business decisions to improve the quality of life in the communities inwhich we do business. Its a special thing to have billions of friends around the world, and wenever depart it.Processes of Communication in a coca-colaThe process of communication would be as follows Message conceived decision made to send message and reasons why. Message encoded information for follow and what sort of layout is going to be used etc. Communications medium selected communication method selected, in this case notice. Message decoded language and knowledge used to send out the right message. Message interpreted meaning of notice, recipients view. Feedback supplied feedback supplied to sender e.g. opinions, response etc.Sample of communication process of coca-colaNNabrade . FeedbackFigure Schramm (1955)NoteCommunication process copy from bookhttp//books.google.co.uk/books?id=KKp3Hg5vmVsCpg=PA276dq=marketing+communication+theory+/coca+colahl=enei=69phTZj6G9HssgbEqKC2CAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CD4Q6AEwAjgKv=onepageq=marketing%20communication%20theory%20%2Fcoca%20colaf=falseCoca-Cola market share and sub product in NepalBottlers Nepal said it is planning to invest $10m in the next three years to expand its bottling operations and launch a brand of mineral water for the market.The bottler of Coca-Cola in Nepal will use the funds to modernise its bottling plants in Kathmandu and Bharatpur.The company, which posted a 20% growth in 2009, said it will start manufacturing the Kinley brand of mineral water following standards prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO).Coca-Cola Sabco, one of Coca-Cola Companys bottling partners, has invested about $45m in the last five years, and annually produces one million bottles of carbonated soft drinks.Coca-Cola has a 67.8% market share in Nepals carbonated soft drinks business, according to global marketing research firm ACNielsen.RECOMMENDATIONSAfter completing our project we have concluded some recommendation for the cocacola company, which are following.Coca Cola Company should try to emphasis more on providing theirinfrastructure in the market to facilitate their customers.According to the survey, conducted by the international firm Nepalese peoplelike little bit sweeter cola drink. So for this coca cola company should producetheir product according to the local demand.Marketing team should try to increase the availability of Coke in rural areas.They should also focus the old people.Now young generation has a trend to drink coke 2 regular bottles at sameTime, so providing more satisfaction to them company should introduce literdisposable bottle.+

An Alliance in Distress Essay -- Foreign Policy

It is almost too hard to fathom that only 70 years ago the United States feature such strong feelings of hatred and fear towards Japan in the wake of the devastating Pearl Harbor attacks. The federal government even went as further as to unjustly imprison 110,000 Japanese-Americans. Also, the Japanese felt much animosity and held an inhumane view of Americans following their surrender in WWII after two U.S. nuclear bombs killed an estimated 240,000 people. However, from the midst of this painful and dark history has risen one of the most peaceful and powerful alliances of the twenty-first century. The United States rose to be a political superpower with the most technologically advanced military and largest economy in the world. Japan also rose to be a technological superpower with the stake largest economy in the world, although it was recently surpassed by China in late 2010. The mutual growth of the two countries stemmed from the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (TMCS) mingled with the United States and Japan that was signed on January 19,1960. The TMCS helped foster the mutual and prosperous trade between the two countries, while also setting forth an savvy of security assistance to one another in times of conflict. As a result of the treaty, the U.S. was allowed by Japan to place bases on various islands, exclusively primarily on the island of Okinawa for strategic purposes and to aid in the defense of Japan. Over fifty years have passed since this agreement was made by the two nations and nowadays an international debate has risen over complications with this arrangement to a magnitude so large that Japanese citizens now even question the merits of the overall U.S.-Japan alliance. The master(prenominal) question that now stands between the Japan... ...ates. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Japan Recent Security Developments Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One degree Celsius Eleventh Congress, Second S ession, Hearing Held July 27, 2010. Washington U.S. G.P.O., 2010. Print.United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment. U.S.-Japan Relations microform Enduring Ties, Recent Developments Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific, and the Global Environment of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, March 17, 2010. Washington U.S. G.P.O., 2010. Print.Sato, Ikenberry, G. John, and Yoichiro Inoguchi, Takashi. U.S.-Japan Security conglutination Regional Multilateralism. Gordonsville, VA, USA Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

Artificial Intelligence :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Artificial IntelligenceMy name is Dorothy, give tongue to the girl, and I am going to the Emerald city, to ask the Oz to send me back to Kansas. Where is the Emerald City? he enquired and who is Oz? Why, dont you know? she returned in surprise. No, indeed I dont know anything. You see, I am stuffed, so I have no brains at all, he answered, sadly. Oh, said Dorothy Im awfully sorry for you. Do you think, he asked, If I go to the Emerald City with you, that the great Oz would give me some brains? I cannot tell you, she returned but you may add together with me, if you like. If Oz will not give you any brains you will be no worse off than you are now. -L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful World of Oz1 As Dorothy and the straw man begin their search for a brain, we can catch a glimpse of an issue that has been bouncing around our culture for centuries can man make a machine think? While Baums story does not focus on the Scarecrow as the possibility of a thinking machine, he does raise the in certitude of whether a human brain is necessary for thinking. This question of the brains vitality is first exposed to our culture with what many literary critics feel is the line of Science Fiction, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Frankenstein is the story of dead body parts being brought to life through the use of electricity. After witnessing the creatures action readers are left petition if the human brain is sufficient for thinking or if there is more to thinking than a brain? Other Science Fiction writers took this to a contrasting level and created the robot, a non-human thinking machine. Frankenstein is on the cusp of humans and non-humans and the beginning of the debate of what it means to artificially think. These imagined ideas caused others to think about making these ideas a reality. Marvin Minsky, star of the original scientists involved in establishing artificial intelligence, cites Science Fiction as one of his major motivators to enter the world of AI. It was not un til the summer of 1956 that scientists felt that it susceptibility be possible to write non-fiction accounts of robots at some point in the near future. During the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College, scholars, who would later be considered the founding fathers of