Battle Royal

Battle Royal Ralph Ellison begins the short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, in some what of a state of confusion. The nameless narrator informs the reader that he has been essentially lost in the early twenty years of his life. The narrator’s grandfather adds to his confusion and the overall purpose of the story. While on his death bed, the grandfather claims to be a traitor and a spy. He charges his family to â€Å"overcome ‘em with yesesâ€Å"(258, paragraph 2) and â€Å"undermine ‘em with grins†(258, paragraph 2) as he lays preparing for death. A point that the narrator subconsciously internalized, the reader sees through the series of actions and point of view of the narrator the use of role playing among blacks. For if this method is followed, blacks are able to refuse internally to accept second class status, protect their own self respect, and avoid betraying themselves or each other. The grandfather’s words had a tremendous effect on the psyche of the narrator. Almost like a puzzle that couldn’t be solved that lay in the back of his mind. At points he found his self resenting his grandfather’s words regardless of the success he obtained. In spite of this, he still could see his self through his actions carrying out his grandfather’s advice of meekness and humility towards the white man. On the narrator’s graduation day he delivered a speech which showed that â€Å"humility was the secret, indeed, the very essence of progress. †(248, paragraph 3). For this speech, he gained praise from the white men of the town, because he exhibited the attitude that the white man thought to be â€Å"desirable conduct†(248, paragraph 3). He was then invited to give the speech on behalf of the town’s leading officials. Ellison uses the example of the narrator’s speech of humility to show that the white man in that time period can be manipulated. The narrator conveys humbleness in his speech to the white man, without showing any idea of equality to him. In return, the narrator is rewarded and invited to give his speech among more â€Å"white men†. This being an achievement that the socially conscious black man pushing for equality would have never accomplished during this time period. Upon arrival at the town meeting to give his speech he quickly realizes that it is not exactly what he had been expecting. He was then convinced or almost forced to participate in a Battle Royal amongst other black males who were not there to give any type of speech. The Battle Royal included several acts of self degradation towards the narrator and other black males. Through these actions we can see that the white men saw blacks as animals, and that the narrator was no different. Regardless of whether he was there for a speech or not, he was still forced to participate. In this way the white men showed their superior attitude towards the black males, the attitude that his grandfather taught him how to overcome with humility. As Ellison points out by saying, â€Å"They were tough guys who seemed to have no grandfather’s curse worrying their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In those pre-invisible days I visualized myself as a potential Booker T. Washington†(248- 249, paragraph 4). The narrator not only shows humility in his speech but also through the scenes that take place in Battle Royal. He keeps the thought of his grandfather’s words at the fore front of his mind, as he goes through the harsh acts forced upon him by the white men during the battle royal, in hopes of giving his speech. In fact, the narrator was abused brutally both mentally and physically to the point where he could barely stand. Yet he still was persistent in wanting to give his speech. Ellison in this scene shows how blacks must be strong minded and willing to become completely humble in the eyes of the white man in order for the method to work. After the battle royal, the narrator was finally able to give his speech among the white men. Notably, after he was already dismissed with the other black males and then told to come back. The narrator relishes at the thought of giving his speech and begins to speak amongst the white men. It was not until his mouth began to dry and fill up with blood from his wounds, that he realized the white men were still laughing and talking. With thoughts of giving up and leaving in his head, he decided to continue with his speech. As he proceeded, the white men yelled for him to repeat words that were of three or more syllables, mocking him. He made a mistake and yelled social equality as the white men taunted him. The white men quickly put him in his place. Once the narrator was finished, he was presented with a briefcase and scholarship to a negro college. The scene of the final speech demonstrated how even though the white men did not respect him they still granted him with a briefcase and a scholarship. They did this because he exhibited once again humility towards them, making them feel superior. The second he mentioned the word â€Å"equality† he was quickly corrected, for they did not believe blacks and whites could be equal. By showing humbleness, the nameless nar rator gained exactly what he wanted from the white man without pushing for equality externally but internally. Battle Royal Battle Royal Ralph Ellison begins the short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, in some what of a state of confusion. The nameless narrator informs the reader that he has been essentially lost in the early twenty years of his life. The narrator’s grandfather adds to his confusion and the overall purpose of the story. While on his death bed, the grandfather claims to be a traitor and a spy. He charges his family to â€Å"overcome ‘em with yesesâ€Å"(258, paragraph 2) and â€Å"undermine ‘em with grins†(258, paragraph 2) as he lays preparing for death. A point that the narrator subconsciously internalized, the reader sees through the series of actions and point of view of the narrator the use of role playing among blacks. For if this method is followed, blacks are able to refuse internally to accept second class status, protect their own self respect, and avoid betraying themselves or each other. The grandfather’s words had a tremendous effect on the psyche of the narrator. Almost like a puzzle that couldn’t be solved that lay in the back of his mind. At points he found his self resenting his grandfather’s words regardless of the success he obtained. In spite of this, he still could see his self through his actions carrying out his grandfather’s advice of meekness and humility towards the white man. On the narrator’s graduation day he delivered a speech which showed that â€Å"humility was the secret, indeed, the very essence of progress. †(248, paragraph 3). For this speech, he gained praise from the white men of the town, because he exhibited the attitude that the white man thought to be â€Å"desirable conduct†(248, paragraph 3). He was then invited to give the speech on behalf of the town’s leading officials. Ellison uses the example of the narrator’s speech of humility to show that the white man in that time period can be manipulated. The narrator conveys humbleness in his speech to the white man, without showing any idea of equality to him. In return, the narrator is rewarded and invited to give his speech among more â€Å"white men†. This being an achievement that the socially conscious black man pushing for equality would have never accomplished during this time period. Upon arrival at the town meeting to give his speech he quickly realizes that it is not exactly what he had been expecting. He was then convinced or almost forced to participate in a Battle Royal amongst other black males who were not there to give any type of speech. The Battle Royal included several acts of self degradation towards the narrator and other black males. Through these actions we can see that the white men saw blacks as animals, and that the narrator was no different. Regardless of whether he was there for a speech or not, he was still forced to participate. In this way the white men showed their superior attitude towards the black males, the attitude that his grandfather taught him how to overcome with humility. As Ellison points out by saying, â€Å"They were tough guys who seemed to have no grandfather’s curse worrying their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In those pre-invisible days I visualized myself as a potential Booker T. Washington†(248- 249, paragraph 4). The narrator not only shows humility in his speech but also through the scenes that take place in Battle Royal. He keeps the thought of his grandfather’s words at the fore front of his mind, as he goes through the harsh acts forced upon him by the white men during the battle royal, in hopes of giving his speech. In fact, the narrator was abused brutally both mentally and physically to the point where he could barely stand. Yet he still was persistent in wanting to give his speech. Ellison in this scene shows how blacks must be strong minded and willing to become completely humble in the eyes of the white man in order for the method to work. After the battle royal, the narrator was finally able to give his speech among the white men. Notably, after he was already dismissed with the other black males and then told to come back. The narrator relishes at the thought of giving his speech and begins to speak amongst the white men. It was not until his mouth began to dry and fill up with blood from his wounds, that he realized the white men were still laughing and talking. With thoughts of giving up and leaving in his head, he decided to continue with his speech. As he proceeded, the white men yelled for him to repeat words that were of three or more syllables, mocking him. He made a mistake and yelled social equality as the white men taunted him. The white men quickly put him in his place. Once the narrator was finished, he was presented with a briefcase and scholarship to a negro college. The scene of the final speech demonstrated how even though the white men did not respect him they still granted him with a briefcase and a scholarship. They did this because he exhibited once again humility towards them, making them feel superior. The second he mentioned the word â€Å"equality† he was quickly corrected, for they did not believe blacks and whites could be equal. By showing humbleness, the nameless nar rator gained exactly what he wanted from the white man without pushing for equality externally but internally. Battle Royal Battle Royal Ralph Ellison begins the short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, in some what of a state of confusion. The nameless narrator informs the reader that he has been essentially lost in the early twenty years of his life. The narrator’s grandfather adds to his confusion and the overall purpose of the story. While on his death bed, the grandfather claims to be a traitor and a spy. He charges his family to â€Å"overcome ‘em with yesesâ€Å"(258, paragraph 2) and â€Å"undermine ‘em with grins†(258, paragraph 2) as he lays preparing for death. A point that the narrator subconsciously internalized, the reader sees through the series of actions and point of view of the narrator the use of role playing among blacks. For if this method is followed, blacks are able to refuse internally to accept second class status, protect their own self respect, and avoid betraying themselves or each other. The grandfather’s words had a tremendous effect on the psyche of the narrator. Almost like a puzzle that couldn’t be solved that lay in the back of his mind. At points he found his self resenting his grandfather’s words regardless of the success he obtained. In spite of this, he still could see his self through his actions carrying out his grandfather’s advice of meekness and humility towards the white man. On the narrator’s graduation day he delivered a speech which showed that â€Å"humility was the secret, indeed, the very essence of progress. †(248, paragraph 3). For this speech, he gained praise from the white men of the town, because he exhibited the attitude that the white man thought to be â€Å"desirable conduct†(248, paragraph 3). He was then invited to give the speech on behalf of the town’s leading officials. Ellison uses the example of the narrator’s speech of humility to show that the white man in that time period can be manipulated. The narrator conveys humbleness in his speech to the white man, without showing any idea of equality to him. In return, the narrator is rewarded and invited to give his speech among more â€Å"white men†. This being an achievement that the socially conscious black man pushing for equality would have never accomplished during this time period. Upon arrival at the town meeting to give his speech he quickly realizes that it is not exactly what he had been expecting. He was then convinced or almost forced to participate in a Battle Royal amongst other black males who were not there to give any type of speech. The Battle Royal included several acts of self degradation towards the narrator and other black males. Through these actions we can see that the white men saw blacks as animals, and that the narrator was no different. Regardless of whether he was there for a speech or not, he was still forced to participate. In this way the white men showed their superior attitude towards the black males, the attitude that his grandfather taught him how to overcome with humility. As Ellison points out by saying, â€Å"They were tough guys who seemed to have no grandfather’s curse worrying their minds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. In those pre-invisible days I visualized myself as a potential Booker T. Washington†(248- 249, paragraph 4). The narrator not only shows humility in his speech but also through the scenes that take place in Battle Royal. He keeps the thought of his grandfather’s words at the fore front of his mind, as he goes through the harsh acts forced upon him by the white men during the battle royal, in hopes of giving his speech. In fact, the narrator was abused brutally both mentally and physically to the point where he could barely stand. Yet he still was persistent in wanting to give his speech. Ellison in this scene shows how blacks must be strong minded and willing to become completely humble in the eyes of the white man in order for the method to work. After the battle royal, the narrator was finally able to give his speech among the white men. Notably, after he was already dismissed with the other black males and then told to come back. The narrator relishes at the thought of giving his speech and begins to speak amongst the white men. It was not until his mouth began to dry and fill up with blood from his wounds, that he realized the white men were still laughing and talking. With thoughts of giving up and leaving in his head, he decided to continue with his speech. As he proceeded, the white men yelled for him to repeat words that were of three or more syllables, mocking him. He made a mistake and yelled social equality as the white men taunted him. The white men quickly put him in his place. Once the narrator was finished, he was presented with a briefcase and scholarship to a negro college. The scene of the final speech demonstrated how even though the white men did not respect him they still granted him with a briefcase and a scholarship. They did this because he exhibited once again humility towards them, making them feel superior. The second he mentioned the word â€Å"equality† he was quickly corrected, for they did not believe blacks and whites could be equal. By showing humbleness, the nameless nar rator gained exactly what he wanted from the white man without pushing for equality externally but internally.

Unity Bank

Oct-Nov 2006: Smaller company acquires a market leader June 2007: major integration: systems & operations Unity’s integration goals: †¢ Save $60 million worth of IT expenses within 3 years on staff and infrastructure †¢ Wants to be the world’s #1 provider of share registry services †¢ Maximize shareholder wealth CIO, Stuart Irving worries: †¢ Lack of due diligence because of legal problems †¢ Hart Scott Rodino Act prevented proper communications †¢ Unknown bugs within Delta’s operations might affect the integration’s timeline & budgetary goals †¢ Present a short and efficient integration to the investors †¢ OVERVIEWUNITY Strengths †¢ †¢ Very efficient technologically Professional and experienced staff members Good incentives, innovative projects: keeps staff motivated and stimulated Remarkable ability to attract talented professionals Family oriented work environment †¢ †¢ Weaknesses Small player in US market Difficulty hiring entry level programmers because BLAIR uses COBOL †¢ Strengths Delta has more clients and is a bigger brand in the US LEADER: uses object-oriented programming language †¢ †¢ †¢ DELTA Weaknesses Technological challenges Limited capabilities Duplication of resources due to systems’ limitations Failed integrations in the past Clients can’t view portfolio of investments †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ PROBLEM STATEMENT A. Determine the enterprise platform? B. Staff motivation issues C. Create a new organizational structure? D. Attract star performers? E. Start building the infrastructure for the new organization? DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUES A. Determining the enterprise platform Delta has 4 different systems Clients/Employees on different systems No consistency in user experience Leader: Delta’s attempt to consolidate all of its systems Unity has one system: BLAIR Written in COBOL (hard to find employees /training costs) Issue: What is the best way to integrate the two organizations?Clients can’t view their investments as a portfolio Clients experience differences in services because of the different systems Inefficient Staff and infrastructure is costly/Creates wasted resources A. Determining the enterprise platform SCENARIO 1: US Demand increases SCENARIO 2: Stock decreases because of previous integration failures NEGATIVE: Integration is too timely to show investors that it’s a successful integration SCENARIO 3: Increase in Delta star-performer resignation POSITIVE: Easier to hire entry level programmers, develop new features and customize system SCENARIO 4: US Demand Decreases ALTERNATIVE 1: Upgrade Leader to BLAIR’s capabilities: $45 million POSITIVE: Ability to easily hire entry level programmers.NEGATIVE: Less funds to test and develop Leader. Taking a risk of using a new system with remaining users. NEGATIVE: Leader hasn’t been tested in the field ALTERNATIVE 2: Use BLAIR to provide services under Delta’s brand POSITIVE: BLAIR has been tested in the field and proved to be efficient POSITIVE: The use of BLAIR will shorten the integration time. NO EFFECT NEGATIVE: BLAIR is proven to be inefficient in US market NEGATIVE: Difficulty hiring entry level programmers and developing new features. ALTERNATIVE 3: Keep both systems temporarily POSITITVE: Both systems are tested in their fields and employees are experienced NEGATIVE: Costly. Inefficient.NEGATIVE: The goal of the acquisition is not achieved POSITIVE: Allow Unity to retain star performers and evaluate them further NEGATIVE: Less funds to maintain both systems and infrastructures DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUES B. Delta’s staff – motivation issues Staff is not unified No effective communication Lack of information flow from Delta to Unity Decreased team work Feeling of â€Å"Unity vs. Delta† among employees Fence sitters Skeptical about new managementâ €™s promises Fear of uncertainty DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUES C. Creating a new IT Organizational Structure Issue: How to create an efficient integration team? Unity or Delta? Who should be in control?Delta employees knew their systems Unity is the acquirer If things are left as they are: Cost inefficient/Timely Trainings Duplicated jobs/salaries Affected by disengaged staff Can’t be sure who is a star performer DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUES D. Attracting star performers Limitations of due diligence Unity is only familiar with upper management of Delta’s staff Disengaged/demoralized employees Unclear who is a top performer Not sure how to motivate a staff until their services are no longer needed B. Staff motivation C. Organizational structure D. Attracting star performers ALTERNATIVE 1: Create team-oriented incentive programs/ competitive environment ALTERNATIVE 2: Integration task force 50/50 staff SCENARIO 1: Demand increases SCENARIO 2: Stock decreases because of previo us integration failuresSCENARIO 3: Increase in Delta star-performer resignation SCENARIO 4: Sales decrease POSITIVE: Funds available to support programs POSITIVE: Competitive environment will speed up the process of integration POSITIVE: Staff is no longer demoralized and disengaged – able to assist with a speedy integration NEGATIVE: Staff is demoralized and disengaged – unable to assist with a speedy integration NEGATIVE: Increase in employee apathy and willingness to accept severance and look for employment elsewhere. POSITIVE: Allows to identify remaining star performers and retaining them NEGATIVE: Difficult to create and maintain a strong integration task forceNEGATIVE: Decrease in funds to support programs. POSITIVE: Staff is no longer demoralized and disengaged – able to meet demand NEGATIVE: Delta staff demoralized and unable to meet demand POSITIVE: People eager to keep jobs, demand met NO EFFECT ALTERNATIVE 3: Keep it Unity: all supervisors NEGATIVE: More Delta employees disengaged and looking to resign NEGATIVE: More Delta employees disengaged and looking to resign NEGATIVE: Trust in Unity decreases ALTERNATIVE 4: Issue contract expirations depending on deadlines NEGATIVE: People eager to keep jobs – unethical conduct increases – no longer family oriented environment DISCUSSION OF KEY ISSUES E.Starting to build the infrastructure for the new organization Unity and Delta ran completely different phone systems, networking hardware, office servers, and PC systems Hardware changes were imperative in order for the organization to operate as a single unit How to decrease duplication of expenses on resources? Buildings/Hardware/Maintenance expenses must decrease Organization has to operate as a single unit Reductions = Savings Building the infrastructure for the new organization ALTERNATIVE 1: Create an expense evaluation team: Delta and Unity 50/50 SCENARIO 1: Demand increases SCENARIO 2: Stock decreases because of prev ious integration failures SCENARIO 3: Increase in Delta star-performer resignation SCENARIO 4: Sales decrease POSITIVE: Staff is able to evaluate and determine the best use of resource allocation NEGATIVE: Resources consolidated/ difficulty meeting demand POSITIVE: Assist in decreasing duplicated expenses thus amplifying earningsPOSITIVE: Ability to hire entry level replacements will decrease company’s wage expense NEGATIVE: More Delta employees disengaged and looking to resign POSITIVE: Assist in decreasing duplicated expenses thus amplifying earnings ALTERNATIVE 2: Geographic integrations: Keep Unity supervisors POSITIVE: Getting rid of redundant assets could increase earnings temporarily NEGATIVE: Unclear if this integration strategy will be successful NEGATIVE: Unclear if this integration strategy will be successful NEGATIVE: Trust in Unity decreases ALTERNATIVE 3: Close down all Delta buildings NEGATIVE: Resources consolidated/ difficulty meeting demand NEGATIVE: More De lta employees disengaged and looking to resign NEGATIVE: Trust in Unity decreases

Case Study Analysis Of Job Sharing At Motorola †Free Samples

1.How does Motorola’s job sharing system fit with their business needs? 2.What particular needs do female employees face in work-life balance arrangements such as job sharing? 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of job sharing to job sharers and their managers? 4.What cultural factors come into play in introducing job sharing into other organisations in an Australian context? 1. Motorola in order to remain competitive implement various work life balance practices which includes a job sharing system. A job sharing system requires the employees to work in a 12 hours shift for seven hours for seven days divided into four and three days a week. The full hour shift is divided into two employees equally. As mentioned in a case study Motorola plant operates 24 hours and 7 days a week, which means the work pressure is very high. Job sharing reduces the work burden on employees and helps them to remain productive throughout their work shift. This also enables the two individuals to work together and achieve the organizational goals effectively. It also creates loyal workers and helps the organization to retain talented and hardworking people who want more flexibility in their work hours due to personal commitment (Michael Page, 2016). The operators feel valued and satisfied at the workplace which directly increase their productivity and reduced the absenteeism ra te. It also prevents external recruitment and the cost associated with hiring and training new individual. Job sharing have enabled Motorola to operate 24 hours and 7 days with each employee committed to work efficiently to give them a competitive edge in the industry (Weinreb, 2011). 2. Job sharing for female employees is an appreciated arrangement in which they can effectively manage the work life balance but still there are certain issues female faces in work life arrangement. Female attrition rate is very high in organization due to the lack of flexibility in their workplace roles and responsibilities. When the work hours are reduced there are chances that the base pay will also get reduced accordingly. This directly affects their career development. In order to successfully carry out job sharing arrangement the availability of a job sharer is also very important. The job sharer should have same set of skills and abilities to complement the role of other employee. If it is not possible then the work performance gets affected. Women who perform night duty as a part of their job sharing may confront security issues and sexual harassment issues. The chances of performance appraisals also get reduced as the performance is measured as a team and not individually ( Richardson, 2009). Job share can mostly work in supportive roles; women who are into the role of senior level have to resume a full time responsibility or either compromise on their career (ACAS, 2011). Disadvantages to Job sharers and managers: 4. The successful implementation of job sharing arrangements depends a lot on Cultural factors of the country. While introducing Job sharing practices in Australia there are several factors that are to be kept in mind: Â  By taken into account these factors Job sharing can be introduced in Australian organization. Acas. (2011). Help & advice for employers and employees. Retrieved from https://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3568 on 4 May 2017. AIM. (2012). MANAGING IN A FLEXIBLE WORK ENVIRONMENT. Retrieved from https://www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/AIM-Managing-in-a-Flexible-Work-Environment.pdf on 4 May 2017. Anderson, C. (2016). Why Flexible Work Is The Way Of The Future, And How Small Business Can Help. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/04/01/flexible-work-jobs_n_9579456.html on 4 May 2017. Crampton, S., Douglas, C., Hodge, J. & Mishra, J. (2003). Job Sharing: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10683863.pdf on 4 May 2017. Daniels, L. (2011). JOB SHARING AT SENIOR LEVEL: MAKING IT WORK. Retrieved from https://www.thejobshareproject.com/3434hjkv97fgb378fbv/jobsharefullreport.pdf on 4 May 2017. Michael Page. (2016). The benefits of job sharing. Retrieved from https://www.michaelpage.co.uk/advice/career-advice/making-your-next-career-move/benefits-job-sharing on 4 May 2017. Richardson, M. (2009). Making job share work: Australian women share their success secrets. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj6uMLu1tXTAhWBQI8KHXeTBKEQFggtMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moirgroup.com.au%2F_literature_56452%2FMaking_job_share_work&usg=AFQjCNF7_NxEjodbJDqGfCm1aaumODrYhA on 4 May 2017. Weinreb, E. (2011). How Job Sharing May Be The Secret To Work-Life Balance. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2011/10/24/how-job-sharing-may-be-the-secret-to-work-life-balance/#83dc967129c1 on 4 May 2017.

Critically assess the Role of Trade in Development Essay

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Investment Appraisal Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Dental School Applicataion - Essay Example ks at the clinic have been to develop x-ray films and set up trays for treatments, but, I also had the opportunity to observe doctors performing root canal treatments and various Endodontic procedures. Dental procedures and the use of instruments have not been the only aspects of dentistry that I learned there. The doctors I have been working with are graduate dental students. I was able to observe how much time and efforts they have invested to succeed there. The doctors always shared with me that their hard work has always paid off at the end when patients thank them and tell them how dental treatments make their lives easier. To explore different fields in dentistry, I have also volunteered at the Dental Fear Research Clinic at the University of Washington, School of Dentistry for five months, from three to five hours a week. This clinic specializes in patients that have some type of dental fears. I was very impressed to observe Dr. Tar-Chee Aw at work with his team of dental assistants and psychologists, seeking the best methods to relieve the patient’s anxieties and discomforts. My experiences at the dental clinics shaped my desire to help people with oral health needs. These lessons have been invaluable to me to succeed in a dental school. I am also planning to volunteer in a community (public) clinic and a private clinic in the near future. I have also had the opportunity to learn many laboratory techniques from my prior experiences in different laboratories. I have worked in a Biochemistry laboratory since my freshman year. The focus of our research is to study the metabolic mechanisms of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast species), especially the interaction between BMH and ADR1 proteins, which are known to be involved in transcription regulation of the carbohydrate utilization in yeast. The focus is to identify the specific binding site of BMH to ADR1 and how this affects the glucose ´s repressible pathway in the metabolism. This research is not only

How did the successive stages of capitalism change the UK's accounting Essay - 1

How did the successive stages of capitalism change the UK's accounting and financial reporting processes - Essay Example The other is that which supplies his immediate consumption." (Smith, 1776, Web) Revenue in this regard relates to surplus economic production as opposed mere subsistence, but also represents a larger, rational pursuit of this surplus in profit. Yet, it is important to note that Adam Smith does not write specifically of â€Å"capitalism† as a system, but does define the importance of capital in economic relations critically in his analysis. (Novara et al., 2003) In his text â€Å"On Wages† (1817), David Ricardo writes that, "Capital is that part of the wealth of a country which is employed in production, and consists of food, clothing, tools, raw materials, machinery, etc. necessary to give effect to labour." (Ricardo, 1817, Web) Yet, it is Marx who develops capitalism as a system theoretically in his works such as â€Å"Das Kapital† (1867) and others which would inaugurate and define nearly all later intellectual treatment of the subject. (Bryer, 2005) I. A Defin ition of Capitalism In "Wage Labour and Capital" (1849) Marx initiates a fundamental definition of capital: "Capital consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence of all kinds, which are utilized in order to produce new raw materials, new instruments of labour and new means of subsistence... ... ystems, trade, and labor exchanges are found from the early stages of human development historically, but Sombart points to the use of accounting standards as an essential characteristic of capitalism. Through this interpretation, historians can search primary source materials from various societies to determine the degree that accounting records were kept. Where systems of agriculture and early industry involved work relations and paid labor, the development of capitalism historically in the society is evident. Similarly, a community monetary system is essential for the development of marketplace capitalism, as well as the exchange of surpluses in supply and labor. As Basil Yamey writes in "Accounting and the Rise of Capitalism" (1964): "Werner Sombart was largely responsible for the broad thesis that systematic of scientific accounting, identified with the double-entry system, played an important part in releasing, activating or accentuating the 'rationalistic pursuit of profits,' and essential of the capitalist spirit." (Winjum, 1971) III. The Pre-Capitalist Era (4000 BC to 1000AD) In the pre-capitalist era, money systems allowed agriculturalists to trade surplus products in a manner that encouraged the growth of capitalism and forms the basis for economic exchange. Some theorists relate capitalism to a system of political values, as the theory of capitalism developed from within the political context of the 18th Century related to the onset of democracy, liberalism, and modernism historically. This creates the question of whether the political definition of capitalism can be legitimately applied to early commercial, industrial, and agricultural trading activity in England in the pre-historical or feudal period. The development of artisan groups and skilled labor

China's Dangerous Overvaluation Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China's Dangerous Overvaluation - Article Example Based upon labor costs and trade patterns, author is of the view that Yuan is certainly overvalued by approximately 15% suggesting that it’s time for China to take corrective measures. Author suggests measuring increasing labor costs as one of the indicators to measure how much the currency has appreciated and also cites the fact that labor costs have increased more than the overall profitability of the Chinese companies. Author indicates that any further appreciation in the currency would actually be more harmful for the country because the overall level of debt has been creeping up in the economy which would ultimately hurt the domestic consumption in China. Author suggests that to arrest the appreciation of Yuan, one way could be to allow domestic prices to adjust to the appreciated Yuan however; this may result into difficult economic consequences whereas rebalancing from investment to consumption is recommended as an easier way to manage Yuan. Probably one of the biggest weaknesses of the article is the absence of any figures and data based upon which author made the claims. Almost all the arguments are without any solid economic data and most arguments are relatively theoretical in nature. It would have been much better had the author used the real economic data to point out the appreciation trends in the value of Yuan against the major international currencies specially US Dollar. It is also critical to note that China has basically not highlighted as to how an appreciated Yuan have been benefiting Chinese economy in maintaining healthy trade surplus besides emerging as the leading export oriented economy in the world. An increase in the labor costs may not be one of the basic indicators of measuring the appreciation in Yuan. An increase in labor costs may also be due to the increasing specialization within the Chinese economy and the fact that Chinese workers may be gaining more advanced skills. Gaining more

Bussiness communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bussiness communication - Essay Example Hence, skill of interpersonal communication plays an essential role not just in resolution of conflict but also in achieving overall success in life. Introduction Communication is a means of sharing your ideas, emotions, feelings, goals, thoughts etc., with other people around you. Healthy and open communication pattern are the foundations of healthy, strong and positive relationships (Krizan, Merrier, Logan, and Williams 2008, p.366). However, problems in communication lead to problems in relationship. Once the relationships are hampered, then it becomes difficult to achieve those goals for which the relationships were created in the first place. Achievement of goals depends on compatibility and bonding with other people involved in relationship. Sadly, due to incompatibility in goals, most of the relationships end up in conflicts. Conflict in relationship is the major reason for failure to achieve goals, both in personal and professional life (Krizan, Merrier, Logan, and Williams 2 008, p.378). Hence, to avoid conflicts, it is essential to have a skill of interpersonal communication (Krizan, Merrier, Logan, and Williams 2008, p.366). However, as human personality is a combination of different aspects like emotions, thoughts, behavior, attitude etc., it is not possible to handle the conflict situation only with single skill. Hence, interpersonal communication skill is the only skill that can help human beings to manage conflict effectively and positively, as interpersonal skill is a combination of different skills which teaches people how to make communication successful by catering to every aspect of human personality and behavior. Definition Interpersonal communication is defined as an effort by two or more people, to create and sustain shared meaning through the process of exchanging the messages with each other (West and Turner 2009, p.10). However, interpersonal communication is not as easy as it sounds. For successful interpersonal communication, one not only needs to be clear about his own goals of communication, but also needs to take care of not hurting other people involved in the communication. According to scholars, only those people who have the ability to carry out effective and appropriate communication with others, depending on the situation, are competent in the area of interpersonal communication (Wood 2010, p.32). People communicate and interact with others with a purpose and goal in their mind. When a particular interaction leads to achievement of the goal of that interaction, then the communication is considered effective (Wood 2010, p.32). If the goals of communication are not achieved, then the interpersonal communication is considered ineffective and incompetent. Very few people have the ability to achieve the goals of communication because interpersonal communication is a ‘skill’ and not a natural ability. It is a part of social skill as it enhances the productivity and meaning of professional and per sonal relationships in life. However, the good thing is that, it can be learned and practiced by everyone who desires positive communication in their lives. Importance of Interpersonal Interpersonal communication is a part of social skill. Hence, people in the field of medicine, psychology, counseling, religion, education, military, human resource, business management etc., are being trained in social skills through different training programs (Hargie, Saunders and Dickson 1994, p.ix). This is

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example for Free

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay We learn about ancient civilizations through literature, artifacts, and stories passed down from generation to generation. The Mesopotamian civilization is one of earths earliest civilizations, and its also one we know very little about. We can gather information about these peoples way life, beliefs, and geographical location. The Epic of Gilgamesh, a literary work from this time period, shows us several important pieces of information that helps us understand this ancient civilization. This epic shows us the Mesopotamian peoples belief system, their views on death, and their description of the after life. The Mesopotamian people believed in a higher being, like most civilizations have for centuries. Their belief system consisted of many gods, each representing an aspect of Mesopotamian life. From the Epic of Gilgamesh we learn that they believed that the gods are the creators of everything around them. This is seen in this epic with the creation of Enkindu, by the goddess of creation, Aruru. We also can conclude that the god of the heavens, Anu, ruled the gods. The Mesopotamian people also had gods for death, love, and even cattle. The Mesopotamian people used the gods to explain just about every aspect of their life. Their gods were all-powerful, and could grant people godly features. For example, Gilgamesh embarks on a quest for eternal life from the gods when his fear of death becomes a reality with the death of Enkindu. The Mesopotamian people also believed in an afterlife. Through the Epic of Gilgamesh, we see that this civilization had an ancient version of what we consider to be heaven and hell. Their hell was controlled by the Queen of Darkness, and was believed to be a place of no return. The epic describes this place as a place of darkness where dust is their food and clay is their meat(sources, p5). Their underworld was where everyone who stood in the way of the gods. Death for the Mesopotamian people was believed to be controlled by the gods. We see this with the death of Enkindu. The gods decided that Enkindu should die because of his actions with Gilgamesh, and when Enkindu dreamed of his death, he knew it was the gods decision and he couldnt prevent it. We can also see the gods control of death through Gilgameshs journey to obtain immortality. It was known that the gods could grant a person eternal life by Gilgameshs encounter with Utnapishtim, a man that had been granted that of which Gilgamesh had been searching for. If granted eternal life, it was believed that you where entered into the assembly of the gods. Without the epics, and recordings of ancient civilizations, we would not be able to learn about the accomplishment and life-styles of are ancestors. The Epic of Gilgamesh has sheded some light on the mysteries of long ago. We do not have many recordings of Mesopotamian civilization, but with works of literature like this epic we can take another step closer in the search for answers to question about their beliefs, views on death, and what they believed about life after death. | Shang| | Ang Shang ay ikalawang namamanang dinastiya sa Tsina. Tumagal ito nang halos anim na raang taon na may tatlumput isang hari sa loob ng labimpitong henerasyon. Ang Shang ay dating isang matandang tribong naninirahan sa ibabang bahagi ng Yellow River. Itoy estado ng Kahariang Xia. Sa pagtatapos ng Xia, ang kahuli-hulihang haring si Jie ay isang tiranong naging sanhi ng pagdaralita ng mga mamamayan. Pinangunahan ng puno ng Tribong Shang na si Tang ang isang rebeldeng hukbo at pinabagsak ang Dinastiyang Xia (Ang ika-21 sa ika-17 siglo BC). Sa gayon naitatag ni Tang ang Dinastiyang Shang at ginawang kabisera nito ang Bo (kasalukuyang Caoxian Country sa lalawigang Shandong). Ang Dinastiyang Shang ay siyang ikalawang estadong monarkiya sa kasaysayan ng Tsina. Si Tang na siyang tagapagtatag ng Shang ay humugot ng mga aral mula sa mga labi ng nakaraang dinastiya, trinado niya nang mabuti ang kanyang mga mamamayan at gumamit ng maraming magagaling at matatalinong ministro. Nagkamit ng malaking progreso ang Shang sa ekonomiya nito sa panahon ng paghahari ni Tang. Samantala, dahil sa tunggaliang pampulitika para makamtan ang kapangyarihan sa korteng imperyal at sa patuloy na pakikidigma sa mga tribo sa hanggahan, limang beses na inilipat ng estadong Shang ang kabisera nito. Ang pinakakilalang paglilipat ay naganap noong panahon ng paghahari ni Haring Pangeng, ika-17 hari ng Shang. Muli niyang itinayo ang kabisera sa Yin, sa tabi ng kasalukuyang Xiaotuncun, sa lunsod ng Anyang ng lalawigang Henan. Ang bagong kabisera ay nakapag-ambag nang malaki sa pagkakaroon ng matatag na pamahalaan ng Dinastiyang Shang. Nang maitatag ang matagumpay na bagong kabisera, hindi ito nagbago sa buong nalalabing panahon ng Dinastiyang Shang, kaya, ang Dinastiyang Shang ay laging tinatawag na Ang Yin o ang Dinastiyang Yin-Shang. Mula sa mga natuklasan sa mga labi ng Yin, ang kabisera ng Shang, natuklasan ng mga arkeologo na medyo mataas na ang pamantayan ng produktibidad ng Dinastiyang Shang noong nakaraang panahon. Hinggil sa agrikultura, napabuti ang mga kagamitan sa pagsasaka. Malawakang ginagamit noon ang mga ararong bato, pala at karet. Ang mga pangunahing pananim ay kinabibilangan ng millet at trigo. Ang higit na mahalaga ay maunlad ang paggawa ng mga lalagyang bronse noong Dinastiyang Shang. Gumitaw sa Tsina ang kulturang bronse bago ang 3,000 BC at umabot ito sa kasukdulan noong ika-13 siglo BC. Ang mga bagay na yari sa bronse ay hindi lamang nakaapekto sa pang-araw araw na pamumuhay ng mga tao kundi gayun din sa armas ng estado. Dahil sa malawakang paggamit niyon, nagkamit ng walang katulad na tagumpay ang Dinastiyang Shang sa pulitika, ekonomiya, kultura at sining. Noong panahon ng paghahari ni Haring Wuding, ang palatandaan nito ay ang paggitaw ng pinaghalong metal ng tingga, tanso at lata. Ang bronzeware ay niyari nang maramihan. Ang mga itoy may dalawang klasipikasyon: ang panluto at lalagyan ng alak. Kabilang sa mga ito, ang kilalang likhang sining ay kinabibilangan ng simuwi quadripod, na may bigat na 732.84 kg na siyang pinakamalaking bronzeware na matatagpuan sa buong daigdig. Ginawa ito bilang pagpupugay sa namayapang ina ng hari ng Shang. Ang isa pay ang lalagyan ng alak na may apat na kambing na nakahimplay sa gilid nito. Ang Dinastiyang Shang ay palatandaan ng pagdating ng Bronze Age. Kasabay nito, umunlad din nang malaki ang iba pang industriya. Sa handicraft, ang operasyon ay nagkaroon ng higit na pinong dibisyon ng paggawa. Naitalang isang daang linya ang gumitaw sa handicraft noon. Ang mga craftmen ng Shang ay mahusay sa pagkalupkop at paglililok at litaw ang mga dekorasyon ng kanilang mga jase wares. Stone wares at ivory wares. Nakapag-imbento ang mga manghahabi ng simpleng jacquard loom, na nakagagawa ng sedang mataas ang kalidad at may hidden pattern. Bukod dito, ang mga mamamayang Shang ay nagkamit pa ng kahanga-hangang progreso sa medisina, transportasyon at astronomiya. Sa panahong ito, ang mahahalagang pangyayari ay nakaukit sa mga bahay ng pagong at mga buto ng hayop sa pamamagitan ng Oracle Script, na siyang pinakamatandang porma ng nasusulat na komunikasyon ng Tsina. Ang tradisyon ng pagsamba sa ninuno ay may mahabang kasaysayan sa Tsina. Natuklasan ng mga arkeologo na ginagawa na ito noon pang Prehistoric times (1.7 milyong taon hanggang ika-21 siglo BC). Sa paggitaw ng pagsasaka, sinasamba ng mga tao ang langit para magkaroon ng magandang panahon para sa kanilang mga pananim. Sa katunayan, itoy isanguri ng pagsamba sa kalikasan. Ang iba pang klase ng pagsamba ay ang pagsamba sa kanilang mga ninuno na tinawag ding pagsamba sa kaluluwa. Nag-aalay sila ng sakripisyo sa kanilang mga ninuno, na idinadalanging pagpalain nawa sila ng kanilang ninuno. Mula noong Dinastiyang Xia pasulong, pinagkalooban ang mga hari ng pinakamataas na awtoridad. Upang mapanatili ang kanilang kapangyarihan, pinagsanib ng mga hari ang pagsamba sa ninuno at ang pagsamba sa kalikasan upang lumikha ng Diyos o Kalangitan, at ipinroklama ang sarili bilang ahente o mga pangmundong inapo ng Diyos. Sa Dinastiyang Shang, laganap ang sistema ng pang-aalipin, nagtatamasa ang mga aris tokrata ng lahat ng karangyaan samantalang namumuhay na parang aso ang mga alipin. Silay pag-aari ng kanilang mga panginoon. Pagkaraang mamatay ang may-ari ng mga alipin, kadalasay inililibing nang buhay ang mga alipin bilang pag-aalay ng tao kasama ng mga iniaalay na hayop. Pagkamatay ni Haring Wuding, hindi nagtagal ang mga pinakamabuting panahon ng Dinastiyang Shang. Patungo sa katapusan, sumidhi ang mga panloob na alitan at nagrebelde ang mga decal state. Isang despota ang kahuli-hulihang naghaharing Shang. Ibinagsak siya ng isang rebeldeng hukbo ng mga alipin noong ika-11 siglo BC.|

The Effects of Earthquakes

The Effects of Earthquakes Abstract The occurrence of earthquakes is unpredictable and they are characterized by widespread loss of life and damage. They also cause a lot of panic to the affected people with some experiencing a permanently changed life there after. This report extensively looks into the effects of earthquakes on people and businesses. Regarding the former, the report focuses on the social and economic impacts. On the latter, the major focus will be on its general impacts on a business. This is covered through introduction, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Executive summary As one of the natural disasters, earthquakes affect people and businesses in many ways. Some of these effects are as a result of other effects from the earthquake (ripple effect). Notably, people are affected socially and economically as many lose their lives depending on the magnitude of the earthquakes. Earthquakes with stronger magnitudes like the ones experienced in Chile and Haiti lately led to massive destruction and loss of life. Socially, people are faced with a completely different social set up as many are left homeless. Families too are broken as some lose their loved ones. Children are traumatized as their lives changes possibly for good. Deviant behavior also increases after earthquake as people loot from the damaged buildings Some business have to incur huge losses due to damaged buildings, costs of repairs, damaged roads which increase costs of shipments to and from the business location and lost business opportunities. Other businesses are forced to shut down leading to loss of jobs and a negative effect on the larger economy. The aim of this research was to establish how earthquakes affect people and businesses. Introduction In the recent past, earthquakes have become a common phenomenon. The most recent earthquake tragedies occurred in Chile and Haiti where hundreds thousands of people lost their lives. The economies of these nations are still trying to recuperate from the effects with the help of the rest of the world. The extent of damage caused by earthquakes is dependent on its magnitude. There are minor earthquakes which cause only causes tremors especially in areas which are not prone to earthquakes. However, the areas which are prone earthquakes are hit by earthquakes with stronger magnitudes. For example the recent earthquake in Chile had an 8.8 magnitude measured on the Richer scale and its considered to be the seventh strongest to have ever been experienced. In Haiti, it had a 7.0 magnitude while in Kobe Japan it had a magnitude of 7.2 (Georesources.co.ku 1). Earthquakes of such magnitudes have devastating effects on people and businesses. There is a massive loss of lives and widespread disrup tion of businesses. Businesses incur huge losses when buildings collapse, transport network is destroyed as well as other infrastructure. The survivors are faced with a dire challenge of picking up their lives again from scratch while others find it completely hard to recover from the trauma. The loss of family members and bread winners in the event of an earthquake is a major cause of these traumas. People lose their jobs as their places of work are reduced to rumbles. Basically, earthquake beckons poverty. Businesses are forced to close permanently after incurring inflated losses. The few businesses which manage to live through the experience are forced to incur extra costs of paying for new buildings. Lack of infrastructure is also a major cause of suffering to these businesses. Notably, reconstructing the damaged roads take a long time and this derails the businesses efforts to pick up again. Methods In order to establish the effect of earthquake on the economic lives of people, I assessed the economic stability of people from a general perspective before and after the recent earthquake in Haiti. The assessment involved exploring information on the economic participation of people. I also explored researches on the number of people who have been left homeless and now living in camps. This is because this is a clear indicator of their economic situation. To assess the effect of earthquakes on peoples social lives, I assessed the variations of peoples social life in behavior and relation after the earthquake. Here, I paid a lot of attention to re-organization and separation of families. I also assessed the prevalence of deviant behavior after the tragedy (Li 9). Lastly, I assessed social panic caused by the earthquake. To determine the effect of earthquake on businesses, I assessed the number of closed businesses, the amount of loss incurred in terms of destroyed business premises and wares, loss of business due to transportation damage. I also assessed the cost associated with loss of customers due to transport disruptions and the general performance of the businesses after the earthquake. Its important to not that this assessment will be based on previous earthquakes like Kobe, Japan, Haiti, Chile and Northridge earthquakes. The tasks above will be based on the information provided by previous researches (Meta analysis). Results After carrying out an in depth assessment of the effects of earthquakes on the economic stability of people, I discovered that majority of the people directly affected by earthquake are straining economically. This is because some of them have lost their jobs while others have seen their small businesses destroyed. Others have been displaced and are living in encampments meaning they are now dependent on reliefs and cant take part in any economic activity. Many people have been left homeless after their houses collapsed. During Kobe earthquake, a massive one million homes were affected (Bilham-Boult 80). They have been unable to rebuild their homes due to economic constraints. Most of these homes were destroyed by the resulting fire. Major transport breakdown and disruption of infrastructure such as electricity and gas supply halted many businesses which offered employment to many people. This ended up affecting them economically. Again, many people interviewed especially women and c hildren revealed that they lost a breadwinner to the earthquake. Most of the deaths of such breadwinners occurred in major buildings where they were working. Socially, the results on the ground shows that many families were separated and other reorganized after earthquakes. For example in Haiti, some people are still not aware of the whereabouts of some of their family members. Some people have been unable to pick up their lives after losing their loves ones while children have been orphaned. The wake of earthquake has left behind a string of widows and widowers too. Again, the homeless have been pooled together in camps and this has greatly reorganized their social set up. For example at the climax of Kobe earthquake 316,000 people were evacuated and made to live in temporary accommodation like parks, schools and community centers. During that time, the night-time temperatures were -2 degrees Celsius and they did not have sufficient blankets, clean water and food (Bilham-Boult 80). They have been forced to abandon their already established social ties and live among new people in the camps. In Chile, deviant behavior increased after the earthquake as people stole from the affected buildings. This prompted the Chilean government to put a curfew though some people still defied it. This led to police shooting some people. In Haiti, lawlessness prevailed after the earthquake as hooligans robbed people and business. People were forced to live by the gang as law took a break. Reports indicate that there is a huge increase in the rate of crime at this time when the Haiti economy is trying to implement recovery measures. There is also a general panic among the affected people as people fear that another tragedy may occur anytime. Some especially young children are traumatized after experiencing the earthquake events. These incidents have been reported in numerous reports calling foe guidance and counseling for such children to ensure that they lead a normal life (Inter-American development Bank 1). It was also established that earthquakes have devastating effects on almost every business irrespective of whether its a service or a product business. Firstly, many businesses especially those whose premises collapsed have been forced to shut down. Others have been forced to spend a lot of money to reconstruct such premises. In Chile, many businesses were looted and this led to loss of inventory. This further added up to the loss figure from the earthquake. After the Northridge earthquake, many businesses reported losses due to earthquake-related transportation damage (Boarnet 16). These losses were caused by factors like limited customer and employees access to the location of the business, shipping delays to and from the business, utility cutoffs, inventory loss or damage, repair costs, building damage and higher prices. Notably, the Northridge earthquake destroyed ramps, bridges, interchanges and roadways (Boarnet 7). Conclusions Conclusively, earthquakes have massive and devastating effects on people and businesses as the discussion above shows. To people, earthquakes cause economic and social impacts which have got a ripple effect. Some of these social impacts include massive loss of life, family separation and social disorganization as people are forced to live in temporary homes after they are rendered homeless. The rampant deaths lead to some children being orphaned while others are left traumatized. Deviant behavior is also on the increase as hooligans take advantage of the situation. There are also economic impacts to people where people lose their source livelihood in the wake of destruction. Destroyed homes condemn most people to poverty life. Businesses too are adversely affected with some being forced to shut down. Others incur huge reconstruction costs after huge losses. Recommendations People in earthquake prone areas should be enlightened on how to react in case an earthquake strikes. This includes advices like what to do, where to take cover in a building like under a table or stairs as well as what to do when out doors or when driving. This will be important in controlling panic and consequently control the number of deaths. Controlling the number of deaths goes a long way in curbing the social and economic impacts on people. The other recommendation would be to provide and guidance and counseling to affected people and families to help them lead a normal social life. Businesses should also be advised to take insurance covers against losses emanating from earthquakes. Works cited Bilham-Boult, Alan. People, places and themes. New York: Heinemann, 2001 Boarnet, Marlon. Business losses, Transportation damage and the Northridge earthquake. University of California: 1996 Georesources.co.uk. Kobe Earthquake, n.d. Retrieved on 2nd April 2010 from http://www.georesources.co.uk/kobehigh.htm Inter-American development Bank. Reconstructing Haiti: Social Services, 2010. Retrieved on 2nd April 2010 from http://www.iadb.org/features-and-web-stories/2010-02/english/reconstructing-haiti-social-services-6515.html Li, Jinfang. Brief Introductory to Seismosociology in China, n.d. University of Delaware

chief joseph :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howard ran the Nez Perece into the ground, finally up in Montana. Joseph surrendered his band at a place called Bear Paw Mountain some 40 miles from the Canadian Border, in October,1877.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph fame did him little good. Although he had surrendered with the understanding that he would be allowed to return home, Joseph and his people were instead taken first to eastern Kansas and then to a reservation in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) where many of them died of epidemic diseases. Although he allowed to visit Washington, D.C., in 1879 to plead his case to U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, it was not until 1885 that Joseph and the other refugees were returned to the Pacific Northwest. Even then, half, including Joseph, were taken to a non-Nez Perce’ reservation in northern Washington, separates from the rest of their people in Idaho and their homeland in the Wallowa Valley.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capuchin monk, who played a decisive role as the â€Å"eminence rise† (gray eminence), Richelieu’s confidant and envoy in the cardinal’s efforts to increase royal power in France and aboard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Paris on Nov. 4,1577, Francois Leclerc du Tremblay was the son of a royal judge. After brief military career, he underwent a religious conversation and joined the Capuchin order, taking the name Father Joseph. His missionary zeal , political astuteness, and tireless activity enable him to rise rapidly within the Capuchin order, and Father Joseph directed its energies to converting infidels aboard and the Protestant Huguenots in France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He began his career as Richelieu’s closest friend, adviser, and negotiator in 1612. Although he aided Richelieu in domestic affairs including military action against rebellious Huguenots Father Joseph’s signal achievement was the successful implementation of Richelieu’s anti-Habsburg foreign policy. During the Thirty Years’ War, Father Joseph promoted Richelieu’s strategy of keeping the Protestant king of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, in the field against the Catholic Habsburgs. But for the Father Joseph the most compelling project was a pan-European crusade against the Turks.

Crime and Punishment: Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov Essay -- conflict,

Throughout the novel of Crime and Punishment, and any work of fiction at that, the characters exhibit specific personality traits that dictate their make-ups, social interactions and behaviors. These characterizations control the overall development of the story. Characters’ personalities play a vital role in analyzing and understanding character development as well as underlying themes, especially in the novel at hand. Specifically, the central character Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov illustrates the conflict between good and evil in one’s personality. Raskolnikov’s personality conflict is so extreme in duality that he can be identified as both the protagonist and antagonist of this story. From this point comes the question of to what extent does the personality conflict of Raskolnikov dictate his beliefs, actions and therefore contribute to overall plot development? Due to Raskolnikov’s contradictory nature, he demonstrates intense levels of egoism and self-absorption alongside madness and agony. These aspects lead him to commit heinous criminal actions which physically and emotionally hurt others. Ultimately, he commits the greatest damage to himself through a descent into madness which he disavows. Raskolnikov’s personality can be summed up by the meaning of â€Å"Raskol† in Russian which translates to â€Å"split†. Raskolnikov personifies an individual demonstrating antithesis in both his actions and thoughts. The author Fyodor Dostoevsky also incorporates symbolism of the number two throughout the story to further signify this duality of personality. Examples include Raskolnikov not eating for two days, two children being saved from a burning house, and two gates and two courtyards at the house of the pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna, wh... ...ntually express remorse for his crime. Raskolnikov's dual personality also is the primary force which drives the plot of this novel. The action and events occur as a result of the character’s personality driver. When the focus of his internal personality is egocentric, the external action reflects this viewpoint. His internal examination of consciousness leads the plot to moving in that direction. The plot of Crime and Punishment seems to be an external mirror which reflects the continual inner conflict of Raskolnikov's dual personality. Works Cited "Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov." Shmoop. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. . Swinson, Stephanie. "Motives for Murder in Crime and Punishment." Watermarks 2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. .

The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph Ellison E

The Distinguished Works of the Preeminent Black Author, Ralph Ellison Ralph Ellison is one of the most lauded yet misunderstood writers of the twentieth century. Ellison is considered a short-story writer and an essayist at heart, but his most distinguished work is the novel, Invisible Man. Ellison has been called everything from "the greatest black American author" (Brennan) to unnecessarily "excessive" in his writing style ("Ralph Ellison: 1914-1994"). For the most part, Ellison is held in high regard in the literary community. The critical consensus on Ralph Ellison is that he is one of the most influential and passionate authors of his generation. Ralph Waldo Ellison was born on March 1, 1914 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Lewis Alfred Ellison and Ida Ellison (Kennedy and Gioia). From his birth, it seems Ellison was destined to become a writer; his father named him after the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Early in life, Ellison was influenced by his mother who was an ardent social activist (Kennedy and Gioia). Ellison was raised in a middle-class white neighborhood. After graduating from high school in Oklahoma, Ellison was awarded a scholarship to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Ellison left school early and moved to Harlem ("Ralph Ellison: 1914-1994"). It was here that he met two of his greatest early influences: the poet Langston Hughes and the novelist Richard Wright (Kennedy and Gioia). In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Ellison was primarily an essayist who was published in several American periodicals. It was in these early years that he wrote "King of the Bingo Game" and the Buster and Riley trilogy. In 1952, Ellison's In visible Man was published in what became his most notable work. Invisible Man won Ellison nume... ...riticism. Galen Group. 16 Apr. 2001 http://www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/. Kennedy, X.J. and Dana Gioia. "Ralph Ellison: Biography." Literature Online 24 Apr. 2001 http://longman.awl.com/kennedy/ellison/biography.htm. Langman, F. H. "Reconsidering Invisible Man." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 17 April 2001 http://www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/. Mitgang, Herbert. "Invisible Man, As Vivid Today as in 1952." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 16 Apr. 2001 http://www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/. "Ralph Ellison: 1914-1994." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 16 April 2001 http://www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/. Schor, Edith. "Ralph, Ellison, Journeyman: Three Early Stories." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Gale Group. 17 April 2001 http://www.galenet.com/servlet/LitRC/.

Nch & Indian War Essay

Alter the Political, Economic, and †¦ The French and Indian War, a colonial manifestation of the same forces †¦ In what ways did the French and Indian War alter the political †¦ apush5.blogspot.com/†¦/in-what-ways-did-french-and-indian-war.html‎ Sep 29, 2007 – The French and Indian War altered the political, economical, and †¦ This took a toll on the political relationship between Britain and the †¦ In what ways did the French and Indian War alter the political †¦ wiki.answers.com †º †¦ †º French and Indian War‎ In what ways did the French and Indian War alter the political economic and ideological relations between Britain and her colonies? In: French and Indian War †¦ [PDF]  AP 07 US History Form B q2 – AP Central – College Board  apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/†¦/ap07_us_history_formb_q2.pd†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å½ The French and Indian War (1754–1763) altered the relationship between Britain and its North †¦ War enabled Britain to implement greater colonial political controls. †¦ these mistakes are not egregious, they did tend to depress the score. In What Ways Did the French and Indian War Alter the Political †¦ Rating: 4.5 – ‎1 review In What Ways Did the French and Indian War Alter the Political, Economic and Ideological Relations Between Britain and Its American Colonies? By agutie22 †¦ In What Ways Did the French and Indian War Alter the Political †¦ Rating: 4.5 – ‎1 review In What Ways Did the French and Indian War Alter the Political, Economic and Ideological Relations Between Britain and Its American Colonies? By cassidy3 †¦ [DOC]  French and Indian War DBQ Docs  www.hfcsd.org/†¦/french%20and%20indian%20war%20dbq%20docs.do†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å½ Task: In what ways did the French and Indian War (1754-1763) alter the political, economic and ideological relations between Britain and its American colonies? How did the French and Indian War alter the political, economic and †¦ jazzybeepage.blogspot.com/†¦/how-did-french-and-indian-war-alter.html‎ Sep 30, 2007 – How did the French and Indian War alter the political

Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment In Nation Development Economics Essay

The growing of international production is chiefly driven by economic and technological forces. It is besides driven by the on-going liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) and trade policies. Foreign Direct Investments ( FDI ) refers to an international investing made by a resident entity in one economic system ( Direct Investor ) with the aim of set uping a permanent involvement in an endeavor. Globalization offers exceeding chances for developing states to accomplish a rapid economic growing through trade and investing. Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a major inducement to economic growing in developing states, as it contributes to host state economic growing, by heightening the state ‘s capital stock, presenting complementary inputs, bring oning engineering transportation and skill acquisition, or increasing competition among local industries. But merely a few states have been successful in pulling important FDI influxs to their state owing to so many grounds. FDI bring away much needed resources to developing states such as capital, engineering, managerial accomplishments, entrepreneurial accomplishments, trade names and entree to new markets etc. These are indispensable for a underdeveloped state to industrialise, develop and make occupations assailing the poorness state of affairs in their states. As such most underdeveloped states recognize the possible value of FDI and have liberalized their investing governments and engaged in investing publicity. Globalization and regional integrating agreements can alter the degree and form of FDI and besides it reduces the trade costs. However, FDI flows to developing states started to pick-up in the mid 1990s mostly as a consequence of systematic addition in liberalisation of FDI policies in these states and the acceptance of by and large more outward orientated policies. This study attempts to turn to the impact of FDIs towards the development of a state, deciding factors of pulling FDIs and issues faced by the host states in pulling FDIs. At the latter portion of this study include recommendations to host state authorities to follow towards foreign investors, in order to advance economic development. For the intent of designation of issues and turn toing of recommendations Sri Lanka, a underdeveloped state that keeps rely on FDIs is taken in to consideration.2.0 Host state determiners that influences the influx of FDI ‘sFDI determinations depend on a assortment of features of the host economic system,Size of the MarketThere can be seen a good well-known relationship between FDI and the size of the market and every bit good as with some of its features ( e.g. mean income degrees and growing rates ) . When the GDP of a state is comparatively little, it is an index of low degree of national income. As such investors prefer to put in states where there is a high growing potency and where there is a big market for their merchandises and services.OpennessEven though the investors pay attending on the size and the growing of the market as of import, all the other domestic market factors are predictably much less relevant in export oriented foreign houses. Wide spread penetration is that unfastened economic systems encourage more foreign investing. One index of openness is the comparative size of the export sector. Particularly fabrication exports are a important determiner of FDI influxs. Investors prefer states where there are indulgent regulations and ordinances in relation to foreign trade.Labor costs and productivenessLabour cost is a important factor for foreign investors specially when doing their investings in labour intensive industries and for export oriented subordinates. ( For an illustration opening up garment mills, export processing houses where larger figure of employees is required ) Low pay rates to a great ext ent stimulate investors to do their investing determinations in a peculiar state. However when the cost of labor is comparatively undistinguished ( when pay rates vary somewhat from state to state ) the accomplishments of the labour force are expected to hold an impact on determinations about FDI locationPolitical HazardHigh returns in the extractive industries seem to counterbalance for political instability. In general, every bit long as the foreign company is confident of being able to run productively without undue hazard to its capital and forces, it will go on to put. Large companies overcome some of the political hazards by puting in their ain substructure care and their ain security forces. But these companies are restrained by little local markets and exchange rate hazards since they tend to sell entirely on the international market. If a state is vulnerable to a higher grade of public violences, labor differences, and corruptness and if it possesses greater condemnable deg ree, those will be the determiners that restrain foreign investings.Infrastructure FacilitiesInfrastructure covers many dimensions runing from roads, ports, railroads and telecommunication systems required to institutional development ( e.g. Legal services, accounting etc. ) The extent of conveyance installations and the propinquity to major ports has a important positive consequence on the location of FDI within the state. Poor substructure can be seen both as an obstruction and every bit good as an chance for foreign investing.Incentives and operating conditionsRemoval of boundaries and proviso of a healthy environment for concerns that consists of better operating conditions, lower revenue enhancement rates or revenue enhancement vacations are by and large believed to hold a positive impact on exciting FDI. Further inducements such as the granting of equal intervention to foreign investors in relation to local opposite numbers and the gap up of new markets ( e.g. air conveyance, retailing, banking ) have been reported as of import factors of promoting FDI flows to a peculiar state.DenationalizationThrough denationalization it has attracted some foreign investing influxs in recent old ages. But when traveling on to most of the development, low income states advancement is still low due to divestments of province assets. This has become political issues that demotivate investors. For an illustration employee opposition and their aggressive actions over denationalization or other moves which threaten their bing occupations and worker rights may move as a discouraging factor of FDI.3.0 Issues to pull FDIMajority of the low income states including Sri Lanka fail to pull big FDI flows in to their states as domestic markets are little in size. Investors are loath to put in their mills if they are unable to pull a critical mass for their merchandises. Impossibility of pulling FDI due to miss of openness in the economic system as the export fabrication sector is governed by stiff regulations and the issues faced by the industry due to miss of or get rid ofing of quota. Labour market rigidnesss and high pay rates in the formal sector with comparing to other states like China, Vietnam is frequently viewed as a discouraging factor in order to pull important in flows in to the export sector in peculiar. Lower productiveness with comparing to states like China and states in bomber Saharan Africa and deficiency of applied scientists and proficient staff is reported as keeping back possible foreign investing, particularly in fabricating exports sector. Further it lessens the attraction of puting in productive sectors. Higher degree of labour differences, work stoppages, public violences, corruptness in the state and every bit good as some of authorities stiff policies inefficiency in the populace sector are the causal factors that prevent investors from puting in Sri Lanka. Poor substructure can be seen as an obstruction to pull FDI to take down income states like Sri Lanka. Host authorities can pull important FDI by allowing more significant foreign engagement in the substructure sector. In Sri Lanka even tough there is a important addition in FDI in telecommunication and air lines. Other more basic substructure such as roads, edifices remain unattractive reflecting both he low returns and higher political hazards of such investings. Even though the authorities has removed certain limitations late, which has been imposed earlier on FDI, the deficiency of transparence, inordinate hold in investing blessing processs, deficiency of clear cut policy for investing blessing and extended bureaucratic systems are still act as discouraging factors of foreign investings. Due to employee perceptual experience sing foreign employers and their aggressive actions against denationalization and inclination towards province ain endeavors act as a barrier to pull foreign investors. Further a figure of structural jobs are restraining the procedure of denationalization. Slow growing and lower degree of competition in fiscal markets which has been characterized by inefficiencies, deficiency of deepness and transparence and the absence of regulative processs as those are still continued to be dominated by authorities activity and are frequently protected from competition. Even though the attitudes of the civil society on the impact of FDI on chances for domestic concern and economic activities is positive and the net attitude of foreign houses toward FDI reveals that the investing clime has non improved in Sri Lanka as a consequence of deficiency of good administration, corruptness, political instability and perturbation, bureaucratic inactiveness and hapless low and order state of affairs.4.0 Overall limitations in FDIMost South Asiatic states have liberalized equity limitations on FDI in the services sector to promote trade under Mode 3, i.e. Trade through commercial presence. Taking stock of the liberalisation of services that has taken topographic point in different states in the part, in different sectors, significant one-sided liberalisation has taken topographic point under Mode 3 in Sri Lanka. Though states are trying to pull FDI in many of their services, by liberalising services, the portion of the part in planetary FDI in services is still really low. One of the grounds for this is the being of barriers to FDI in South Asiatic states. There are so many barriers and limitations at assorted degrees get downing from the point of entry that deter investors. Even though there are no limitations on equity ownership, so many other limitations are available at the point of entry, stretching from mere presentment demands to straight-out prohibition of FDI ; others may aim the operations of houses ; while yet another class may curtail the country of ownership and control. Sri Lanka has opened its services sector to foreign investing. Foreign ownership of 100 % equity is allowed in scope of services sectors such as banking, insurance, telecommunications, touristry, stock securities firm, building of residential edifices and roads, H2O supply, mass transit, production and distribution of energy, professional services and the constitution of affair offices or local subdivisions of foreign companies. However some of the limitations still exists, curtailing FDI in services even when 100 % equity is allowed are, foreign commercial Bankss are allowed to open subdivision offices in Sri Lanka topic to an economic demands trial and blessing by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Foreign investors are allowed to keep 100 % equity in local Bankss topics to bounds on single portion ownership. Even though the authorities has late privatized province ain insurance companies, nevertheless resident Sri Lankans are prohibited from obtaining foreign insurance policies except for wellness and travel. The limitations may besides change with the nature of the industry. For an illustration distribution services, limitations may include public presentation demands, districting ordinances, advertisement limitations etc. In professional services limitations used are by and large of the nature of nationality and residence demands and deficiency of acknowledgment of foreign makings. Therefore even if the equity limitations are removed, there may be other limitations that may non let the influx of FDI in to the services sector. Please mention Annexure 1 for some bing barriers to FDI in different states in South Asiatic part.5.0 Reasons for Caution of FDIEven though it is said that FDI has a heavy impact on heightening the growing and development of a state, there are several grounds for developing states to stay with mean limitations in services or to hold other barriers to investings in services. Apart from the sensitiveness of services with cultural, societal, distributional or strategi c significance, there are economic concerns excessively. Among them, To avoid the hazard of foreign investors out viing domestic investors. Sale of public public-service corporations to foreign houses raises complex issues related to denationalization and the ordinance of natural monopolies. Entry by big multinational corporations involves competition policy considerations and many host states may non experience to cover with proficient or legal issues involved. It is hard to measure the impact of liberalisation in a peculiar sector, particularly if it employees a big figure of unskilled people. As such it is of import to set about an in deepness survey prior to the determination to let foreign houses. But many states lack the will or expertise to set about such analysis. Most of the foreign investors are monopolies and in any event demand to be regulated ; domestic ordinances are frequently hard to set in topographic point.6.0 RecommendationsGovernment should concentrate its attending on obtaining foreign investor engagement in developing substructure. So far Sri Lankan authorities acts the function of substructure facilitator. But it should see on pulling FDIs to develop substructure sector as good, non merely in attractive and most profitable few countries like telecommunication and air hoses, but besides in building of roads, main roads, overpasss, rail roads, edifices etc. BOO ( Built, Operating, Ownership ) , BOT ( Built, Operating, Transfer ) , BTO/Turnkey Projects ( Built, Transfer, Operate ) , BLT ( Built, Lease, Transfer ) and assorted other mechanisms to heighten the foreign investor engagement in this respect. Government should concentrate its attending on implementing an unfastened door policy where it encourages foreign investors. It should heighten the quality of the bing Export Processing Zones ( EPZ ‘s ) and Free Trade Zones ( FTZs ) in order to excite investors to come and open up their fabrication or processing workss in Sri Lanka. Government intervention and domination on fiscal sector should be minimized unless to exert a control over such establishments to guarantee the transparence and proper operation of them. Existing stock market should be popularized among the general populace and should be opened up for foreign investors. Even though there are no limitations on equity ownership there are several barriers at the point of entry, stretching from mere presentment demands to straight-out prohibition of FDI etc. These may discourage foreign investors from puting within the state. Thus this fact should be taken in to Account during the policy devising procedure. It is frequently criticized the quality of the end product of Sri Lankan instruction system. It is said that there is a mismatch between the employer demands and the instruction provided to the pupils or undergraduates. Therefore Higher instruction policies particularly in relation to secondary, third and university instruction course of study should be changed in order to run into employer outlooks. Adequate preparation chances provided to them in order to acknowledge and unleash their potencies and accomplishments. Therefore more accent should be given towards the importance of industry preparation when representing higher instruction policies. As FDI in services has grown, a figure of issues have come to the head of policy devising. One of the of import issues is that pulling FDI in services where it is most coveted. i.e. services sectors where domestic capablenesss are limited to provide to the turning demand or where the domestic service suppliers do non hold the ability or capacity to supply the needed quality of services, as for an illustration telecommunication, and conveyance services. As such more grants to be given for the investors those who are willing to put in those countries in order to promote them. Regulatory frame work to be strengthened in order to pull investors and besides to avoid monopolistic state of affairss. States without necessary regulative frame work may free by hotfooting in to liberalisation. Particularly when a reversal of liberalisation is difficult to accomplish or when liberalisation has systemic deductions as in the instance of fiscal industry. By and large, the positive growing effects of FDI have been more likely when FDI is drawn into competitory markets, whereas negative effects on growing have been more likely when FDI is drawn into to a great extent protected industries ( Encarnation and Wells, 1986 ) . As such domestic industries should be strengthened to a grade in order to supply them the ability to vie with foreign investings.7.0 DecisionThis study has examined the factors that stimulate the flow of FDI and the issues that limits or restrains a state from pulling FDIs based on Sri Lanka, a underdeveloped state that entertains FDI. It is doubtless accepted that there is a positive nexus between FDI and growing. Particularly when Sri Lanka concerns a direct and positive growing impact of FDI on the Sri Lankan economic system and its growing has non reflected during the past and every bit good as in the present. Attitude of the civil society and foreign house towards FDI in the state is positive. But the investing clime has non improved in Sri Lanka as a consequence of political instability and perturbation, hapless jurisprudence and order state of affairs, direct and indirect regulative barriers, political instability and the implied policy instability, ill developed substructure installations, lower degree of human capital, deficiency of transparence in the trade policy etc. Consequently the protectionist trade policies, direct and indirect regulative barriers ( that raise the cost of investing to foreign houses, for illustration it has found that in Sri Lanka about 13 per centum of capital costs and 30 per centum of net incomes are lost due to hindrances in the regulative model ) , political instability and the implied stableness, ill develop substructure installations, lower degree of literacy and investing in human capital excessively discourage investors. Lack of transparence in the tr ade policy, favoritism against non-export orientated sectors like plantations and high loaning rates are excessively act as restraints to FDI flows in Sri Lanka. The importance of FDI can non be overstated, as consequence, that investing clime in the state must be improved through appropriate steps such as de-regulation in economic activity, increase domestic economy, developing port web, route web, railroads and telecommunication installations etc, making more transparence in the trade policy and more flexible labor markets and puting a suited regulative frame work and duty construction. Currently Sri Lanka provides an attractive investing government but the response from the investor has non been really encouraging. If the ultimate aim of the authorities is to pull FDI for development, poorness decrease and growing, so an appropriate policy mix is necessary to accomplish these.8.0 AnnexureAnnexure 1Table 1: Extent of Liberalisation in Mode 3 in Selected ServicesStatesWell Liberalised( 100 % equity )Reasonably LiberalisedLess than Reasonably Liberalised/RestrictedSri Lanka Banking, Insurance, Telecommunications, Tourism, Construction, Transport ( Road ) , Professional services. Transporting and travel bureaus, Freight forwarding, Higher instruction, Mass communications. Non Bank Money Lending, Retail trade with capital investing of less than $ 1mn, Secondary instruction, Air transit, Coastal transportation. India Computer and information services, Transport ( Road ) . Telecommunications, Banking, Insurance, Air Transport, Construction. Retail trading, Railwaies, Real estate, Professional services like Postal, Accountancy etc. Pakistan Telecommunication, Banking services, Legal and technology consultancy services, Transport, Construction, Computer and information services. Insurance.–Bangladesh Conveyance, Telecommunications, Construction, Computer and information services, Banking and Insurance services.–Railwaies. NepalBanking, Insurance, Telecommunications, Computer and information services, Tourism. Personal Business Services, Advisory services.

Business Analysis Of The Print Shop Accounting Essay

The Print Shop and Anglian Digital Solutions have been merchandising since 1998 and prides itself on quality and dependability. We produce both litho-printing aimed at medium to long tallies, and digital printing for print tallies of up to 1000 transcripts. Both of our printing services are backed with our in-house design studio to assist give your concern the border. We like to impart our client ‘s demands right, bring forthing your merchandise in the most cost effectual manner so we have split the company into two different concern watercourses. The Print Shop for all lithographic demands and Anglian Digital Solutions for digital print. All citations are channeled into the right concern watercourse to give you value for money.Accounting:Accounting is the art of recording, sum uping, coverage, and analysing fiscal minutess. An accounting system can be a simple, useful cheque registry, or, as with Microsoft Office Small Business Accounting 2006, it can be a complete record of all the activities of a concern, supplying inside informations of every facet of the concern, leting the analysis of concern tendencies, and supplying penetration into future chances. When you study accounting you are basically larning this specialised linguistic communication. This is because the information required by most organisations is really similar and can be broken down into three chief classs:Operating InformationThis is the information that is needed on a daily footing in order for the organisation to carry on its concern. Employees need to acquire paid, gross revenues need to be tracked, the sums owed to other organisations or persons need to be tracked, the sum of money the organisation has needs to be monitored, the sums that clients owe the organisation demand to be checked, any stock list demands to be accounted for: the list goes on and on.AFiscal Accounting InformationThis is the information that is used by directors, stockholders, Bankss, creditors, the authorities, the populace, etcaˆÂ ¦ to do determinations affecting the organisation and its operations. Shareholders want information about what their investing is deserving and whether they should purchase or sell portions, bankers and other creditors want to cognize whether the org anisation has an ability to pay back money Lent, directors want to cognize how the company is making compared to other companies. This type of information would be really hard to pull out if every company used a different system for entering their fiscal place. Fiscal accounting information is capable to a set of land regulations that dictate how the information is reported and this ensures uniformity.AManagerial Accounting InformationIn order for the directors of a company to do the best determinations for a company they need to hold specific information prepared. They use this information for three chief direction maps: planning, execution and control. Fiscal information is used to put budgets, analyze different options on a cost footing, and modify programs as the demand arises, and control and supervise the work that is being done.ABalance SheetA Balance Sheet is a position study that shows information about the organisation ‘s resources at one given clip. Examples of info rmation found on a balance sheet are how much hard currency is in the bank, what is owed to creditors, and the value of the company ‘s assets.Income StatementAn Income Statement ( besides called a Statement of Net incomes, Statement of Operations, or a Net income and Loss Statement ) is a study that shows the flow of grosss ( sums earned from concern activity ) and disbursals ( sums paid in the class of operations ) over a given period of clip, typically a month, one-fourth, or twelvemonth.Statement of Cash FlowAs the name suggests, this is besides a flow statement that inside informations the motion of hard currency through the organisation over a specified period.AThe whole intent of accounting is to supply information that is utile and relevant for interested paras when doing determinations sing the company and its operations. In order to make that efficaciously, a specific linguistic communication and subsequent regulations have been developed for users of the information. By larning accounting you learn these regulations and can so pass on fiscal information with others in a comprehendible and comparable mode.Finance Operation:It is an authorization which is discerning with finding the criterions and determinations doing. It besides function allocates resources, including the geting, puting, and managing of resources. These maps are performed in all organisations, irrespective of their sizes, legal signifiers of organisation and they contribute to the endurance and growing of the house. Finance maps are concerned with the basic concern activities of a house, in add-on to external environmental factors which affect basic concern activities, viz. , production and selling. Current fiscal factors impacting the finance map include: Pressures to optimise fiscal public presentation Frequent alterations in accounting criterions Increased coverage and revelation demands Increased conformity demandsAccounting Techniques:Control techniques provide directors with the type and sum of information they need to mensurate and supervise public presentation. The information from assorted controls must be tailored to a specific direction degree, section, unit, or operation. To guarantee complete and consistent information, organisations frequently use standardised paperss such as fiscal, position, and undertaking studies. Each country within an organisation, nevertheless, uses its ain specific control techniques, described in the undermentioned subdivisions.Fiscal controls:After the organisation has schemes in topographic point to make its ends, financess are set aside for the necessary resources and labour. As money is spent, statements are updated to reflect how much was spent, how it was spent, and what it obtained. Directors use these fiscal statements, such as an income statement or balance sheet, to supervise the advancement of plans and programs. Fiscal statements supply direction with information to supervise fiscal resources and activities. The â€Å" income statement † shows the consequences of the organisation ‘s operations over a period of clip, such as grosss, disbursals, and net income or loss. The â€Å" balance sheet † shows what the organisation is deserving ( assets ) at a individual point in clip, and the extent to which those assets were financed through debt ( liabilities ) or proprietor ‘s investing ( equity ) . Fiscal audits, or formal probes, are on a regular basis conducted to guarantee that fiscal direction patterns follow by and large accepted processs, policies, Torahs, and ethical guidelines. Financial ratio analysis examines the relationship between specific figures on the fiscal statements and helps explicate the significance of those figures: Liquidity ratios: step an organisation ‘s ability to bring forth hard currency. Profitability ratios: step an organisation ‘s ability to bring forth net incomes. Debt ratios step an organisation ‘s ability to pay its debts. Activity ratios: step an organisation ‘s efficiency in operations and usage of assets. In add-on, fiscal duty centres require directors to account for a unit ‘s advancement toward fiscal ends within the range of their influences. A director ‘s ends and duties may concentrate on unit net incomes, costs, grosss, or investings.Budget controls:A budget depicts how much an organisation expects to pass ( disbursals ) and earn ( grosss ) over a clip period. Sums are categorized harmonizing to the type of concern activity or history, such as telephone costs or gross revenues of catalogs. Budgets non merely aid directors plan their fundss, but besides assist them maintain path of their overall disbursement. Budget development processes vary among organisations harmonizing to who does the budgeting and how the fiscal resources are allocated. Some budget development methods are as follows: Top-down budgeting: Directors prepare the budget and direct it to subsidiaries. Bottom-up budgeting: Figures come from the lower degrees and are adjusted and coordinated as they move up the hierarchy. Zero-based budgeting: Directors develop each new budget by warranting the jutting allotment against its part to departmental or organisational ends. Flexible budgeting: Any budget exercising can integrate flexible budgets, which set â€Å" meet or round † criterions that can be compared to outgos.Selling controls:Selling controls help supervise advancement toward ends for client satisfaction with merchandises and services, monetary values, and bringing. The following are illustrations of controls used to measure an organisation ‘s selling maps: Market research gathers data to measure client needs-information critical to an organisation ‘s success. Ongoing market research reflects how good an organisation is run intoing clients ‘ outlooks and helps expect client demands. Marketing statistics step public presentation by roll uping informations and analysing consequences. In most instances, competence with a computing machine spreadsheet plan is all a director needs. Directors look at selling ratios, which step profitableness, activity, and market portions, every bit good as gross revenues quotas, which step advancement toward gross revenues ends and aid with stock list controls. Unfortunately, scheduling a regular rating of an organisation ‘s selling plan is easier to urge than to put to death.Human resource controls:Human resource controls aid directors modulate the quality of freshly hired forces, every bit good as proctor current employees ‘ developments and day-to-day public presentations. On a day-to-day footing, directors can travel a long manner in assisting to command workers ‘ behaviours in organisations. They can assist direct workers ‘ public presentations toward ends by doing certain the ends are clearly set and understood. Directors can besides establish policies and processs to assist steer workers ‘ actions. Common control types include public presentation assessments, disciplinary plans, observations, and preparation and development appraisals. Because the quality of a house ‘s forces, to a big grade, determines the house ‘s overall effectivity, commanding this country is really important. Performance restrictions: Although direction information systems have the possible to increase overall public presentation, replacing long-time organisational employees with information systems engineering may ensue in the loss of adept cognition that these persons hold. Additionally, computerized information systems are expensive and hard to develop. After the system has been purchased, organizing it-possibly with bing equipment-may be more hard than expected. Consequently, a company may cut corners or put in the system heedlessly to the hurt of the system ‘s public presentation and public-service corporation. And like other sophisticated electronic equipment, information systems do non work all the clip, ensuing in dearly-won downtime. Behavioral restrictions: Information engineering allows directors to entree more information than of all time before. But excessively much information can overpower employees, cause emphasis, and even slow determination devising. Therefore, pull offing the quality and sum of information available to avoid information overload is of import. Health hazards: Potentially serious health-related issues associated with the usage of computing machines and other information engineerings have been raised in recent old ages. An illustration is carpal tunnel syndrome, a painful upset in the custodies and carpuss caused by insistent motions ( such as those made on a keyboard ) . Regardless of the control processes used, an effectual system determines whether employees and assorted parts of an organisation are on mark in accomplishing organisational aims.Statistical Techniques to Test a Hypothesis:A statistical hypothesis trial is a method of doing statistical determinations utilizing experimental informations. In statistics, a consequence is called statistically important if it is improbable to hold occurred by opportunity. The phrase â€Å" trial of significance † was coined by Ronald Fisher: â€Å" Critical trials of this sort may be called trials of significance, and when such trials are available we may detect whether a 2nd sample is or is non significantly different from the first. Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory informations analysis, in contrast to exploratory informations analysis. In frequence chance, these determinations are about ever made utilizing null-hypothesis trials ; that is, 1s that answer the inquiry â€Å" Assuming that the void hypothesis is true, what is the chance of detecting a value for the trial statistic that is at least every bit utmost as the value that was really observed † ? One usage of hypothesis testing is make up one's minding whether experimental consequences contain adequate information to project uncertainty on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a cardinal technique of frequents statistical illation, and is widely used, but besides much criticized. The chief direct option to statistical hypothesis testing is Bayesian illation. However, other attacks to making a determination based on informations are available via determination theory and optimum determinations. The critical part of a hypothesis trial is the set of all results which, if they occur, will take us to make up one's mind that there is a difference. That is, do the void hypothesis to be rejected in favour of the alternate hypothesis.Undertaking 2:Identifying Users of Accounting Information:So accounting exists in order to supply information for interested parties to do determinations, now we can logically inquire: ‘Who are these interested parties? ‘ and ‘For what sort of determinations is accounting information required? ‘ Figure 1.1 shows the major groups of people who have an involvement in an organisation. The figure relates to a private sector concern but minor changes in the rubrics of the participants would do it every bit relevant to any organisation – for illustration, a authorities section, a local authorities unit, a charity, a nationalized industry, a school or a college. Staying with the illustration of a private endeavor concern, we can place the types of determination that each of the participants might necessitate to do with regard to the organisation and the information required. These are as follows: proprietors, the authorities, direction, clients, providers of goods and services, loaners, employers, rivals and anteroom groups.OwnersAOwners are concerned with doing two types of determinations: Investing determinations ; and Stewardship decisions.A Investing determinations are chiefly concerned with increasing the wealth of the proprietors. Those who own concerns usually do so with the purpose of increasing their wealth. Therefore, proprietors will wish to measure the extent to which the concern has generated fiscal benefits ( net incomes etc. ) and the likely future chances of the concern. They will besides wish to measure the grade of hazard associated with their investing in the concern. Information associating to associated hazards and returns will be utile when make up one's minding whether to keep or sell their ownership involvement in the concern. In larger concerns, the proprietors tend non to exert daily control over the activities of the concern. Alternatively, directors will frequently run the concern on behalf of the proprietors. This possible struggle creates a demand among proprietors to have accounting information from the directors that reveals how the resources of the concern have been used. The proviso of information by directors to proprietors for this intent is referred to as stewardship accounting. Government: A authorities may necessitate information from a concern for a assortment of grounds including revenue enhancement, ordinance, economic direction and authorities contracts. Tax: A Businesss are taxed on the footing of their accounting net incomes ( capable to certain accommodations ) ; authorities ( in the signifier of the Inland Revenue ) needs information on each concern in order to make up one's mind how much revenue enhancement to charge. Economic direction: Governments may besides utilize accounting information associating to concerns to assist in the general direction of the economic system. For illustration, accounting information may be utile in make up one's minding whether to give support to concerns in a peculiar industry.Fiscal Statement Restrictions:The first restriction is that they are ever in the past tense†¦ they look back, non in front. Second, they merely reflect fiscal minutess. So all the of import things that are go oning in the company, the industry and the market place are non reflected†¦ has at that place been a direction reorganization, has the company fallen behind in merchandise development or engineering, has a rival late introduced a great merchandise, are at that place pending ordinances that will impact the company. Many things can impact the computation of ratios and do comparings hard. The restrictions include: The usage of estimations in apportioning costs to each period. The ratios will be every bit accurate as the estimations. The cost rule is used to fix fiscal statements. Financial information is non adjusted for monetary value alterations or inflation/deflation. Companies have a pick of accounting methods. These differences impact ratios and do it hard to compare companies utilizing different methods. Companies may hold different financial twelvemonth ends doing comparing hard if the industry is cyclical. Diversified companies are hard to sort for comparing intents. Fiscal statement analysis does non supply replies to all the users ‘ inquiries. In fact, it normally generates more inquiries.Non Financial Key Performance Indexs:Non-financial cardinal public presentation indexs, or KPIs, enable companies to mensurate the consequences of theirA † corporate duty and sustainability † A enterprises. By integrating the appropriate KPIs into their procedure, companies can derive a more comprehensive apprehension of how good they are run intoing their corporate duty aims. As organisations embark on environmental, societal and governance enterprises, they are detecting that fiscal steps entirely do non supply an accurate appraisal of their corporate duty advancement. For illustration, traditional fiscal indexs do non to the full capture all facets of a company ‘s relationships with its clients, employees and providers, or stand for its attempts with regard to sustainability.Budgets and Budgetary Function:Budget:A budget is a program expressed in quantitative, normally pecuniary term, covering a specific period of clip, normally one twelvemonth. In other words a budget is a systematic program for the use of work force and material resources. In a concern organisation, a budget represents an estimation of future costs and grosss. Budgets may be divided into two basic categories: Capital Budgets and Operating Budgets. Capital budgets are directed towards proposed outgos for new undertakings and frequently require particular funding. The operating budgets are directed towards accomplishing short-run operational ends of the organisation, for case, production or net income ends in a concern house. Operating budgets may be sub-divided into assorted departmental of functional budgets.The chief features of a budget are:1. It is prepared in progress and is derived from the long-run scheme of the organisation. 2. It relates to future period for which objectives or ends have already been laid down. It is expressed in quantitative signifier, physical or pecuniary units, or both. Different types of budgets are prepared for different purposed e.g. Gross saless Budget, Production Budget, Administrative Expense Budget, Raw-material Budget etc. All these sectional budgets are afterwards integrated into a maestro budget, which represents an overall program of the organisation.Budgetary Control:No system of planning can be successful without holding an effectual and efficient system of control. Budgeting is closely connected with control. The exercising of control in the organisation with the aid of budgets is known as budgetary control. The procedure of budgetary control includes: 1. Preparation of assorted budgets. 2. Continuous comparing of existent public presentation with budgetary public presentation. 3. Revision of budgets in the visible radiation of changed fortunes. A system of budgetary control should non go stiff. There should be adequate range of flexibleness to supply for single enterprise and thrust. Budgetary control is an of import device for doing the organisation. More efficient on all foreparts. It is an of import tool for commanding costs and accomplishing the overall aims.Alternate Methods for Cost Analysis:There is a assortment of attacks to be analysis, the suitableness of any of which depends upon the intent of an appraisal and the handiness of informations and other resources. It is seldom possible or necessary to place and quantify all costs and all benefits ( or outcomes ) , and the units used to quantify these may differ. Main types of cost analysis include the undermentioned. Cost-of-illness analysis: a finding of the economic impact of an unwellness or status ( typically on a given population, part, or state ) e.g. , of smoke, arthritis or pressure sores, including associated intervention costs Cost-minimization analysis: a finding of the least dearly-won among alternate intercessions that are assumed to bring forth tantamount results Cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) : a comparing of costs in pecuniary units with results in quantitative non-monetary units, e.g. , reduced mortality or morbidity Cost-utility analysis ( CUA ) : a signifier of cost-effectiveness analysis that compares costs in pecuniary units with results in footings of their public-service corporation, normally to the patient, measured, e.g. , in QALYs Cost-consequence analysis: a signifier of cost-effectiveness analysis that presents costs and results in distinct classs, without aggregating or burdening them Cost-benefit analysis ( CBA ) : compares costs and benefits, both of which are quantified in common pecuniary units.Restrictions of Budgetary Controls:The aim of direction accounting is to assist directors accomplish the missions and schemes established for their endeavor. It is a subdivision of accounting that provides fiscal and other information to directors. A cardinal function for direction comptrollers is to set up the control systems used to accomplish organisational ends and minimise hazards. One of the most of import of these is budgetary control, a powerful tool that encourages planning, sets mileposts, evaluates public presentation and suggests waies for betterment. Management comptrollers besides develop information systems that communicate strategic and operational precedences to managerial determination shapers. The aim of this class is to assist participants better understand the function and operation of the budget control and to locate it within the larger context of direction control. Using cognition already acquired in earlier degrees of the MBA plan, this class will allow pupils to get cognition on: – the public-service corporation and operation of a budget control procedure ; – the design of the budgetary control system as a map of the organisational scheme ; – the finding of cost behaviour ; – the usage of budgets to pull off grosss, costs and net incomes ; – the relationship between direction control and organisational construction ; – the organisation of fiscal information in a comprehendible, flexible, accessible and utile signifier to authorise determination devising ; – the rating of public presentation for different administrative units within the organisational construction ; – the development and usage of non fiscal public presentation steps.Undertaking 3:Business Evaluation:It is a procedure and a set of processs used to gauge the economic value of an proprietor ‘s involvement in a concern. Evaluation is used by fiscal market participants to find the monetary value they are willing to pay or have to consummate a sale of a concern. In add-on to gauging the merchandising monetary value of a concern, the same rating tools are frequently used by concern valuators to decide differences related to estate and gift revenue enhancement, divorce judicial proceeding, allocate concern purchase monetary value among concern assets, set up a expression for gauging the value of spouses ‘ ownership involvement for buy-sell understandings, and many other concern and legal intents.Methods for Measuring a Business:Asset AccumulationThe Asset Approach is based on the premiss that it is by and large possible to neutralize the belongings, works and equipmen t ( PP & A ; E ) assets of a company and after paying off the company ‘s liabilities the net returns would accrue to the equity of the company.Discounted hard currency flow methodThis rating method based on free hard currency flow is considered a strong tool because it concentrates on hard currency coevals potency of a concern. Since hazards are non ever easy to find exactly, Beta uses historic informations to mensurate the sensitiveness of the company ‘s hard currency flow, for illustration, through concern rhythms.Market ValueThis rating method is applicable for quoted companies merely. The market value is determined by multiplying the quoted portion monetary value of the company by the figure of issued portions. This rating reflects the monetary value that the market at a point in clip is prepared to pay for the portions. This rating method loosely takes into history the investors ‘ perceptual experiences about the public presentation of the company and the dire ction ‘s capablenesss to present a return on their investings.Corporate Hazard:It is a planetary, full-service concern intelligence and hazard direction house. We offer clients a full suite of services to cut down exposures to planetary hazards, A prehend upon concern chances, andA protect employees and assets. Our clients run or seek to run in many of the universe ‘s emerging markets, A and our services are designed to extenuate the hazards of prospecting and runing in these hard parts. We provide the insight necessary for clients to do of import concern determinations in a timely, efficient and comprehensive mode.Cost of Capital:The cost of capital is the cost of a company ‘s financess ( both debt and equity ) , or, from an investor ‘s point of position â€Å" the expected return on a portfolio of all the company ‘s bing securities. † It is used to measure new undertakings of a company as it is the minimal return that investors expect for suppl ying capital to the company, therefore puting a benchmark that a new undertaking has to run into.Debt vs. Equity:There are two types of funding: equity and debt funding. When looking for money, you must see your company ‘s fiscal strength. The more money proprietors have invested in their concern, the easier it is to pull funding. If your house has a high ratio of equity to debt, you should likely seek debt funding. However, if your company has a high proportion of debt to equity, experts advise that you should increase your ownership capital ( equity investing ) for extra financess. That manner you wo n't be over-leveraged to the point of endangering your company ‘s endurance.Factors Effecting Capital Cost Structures:Business hazard:Hazard associated with the nature of the industry the concern operates and if the concern hazard is higher the optimum capital construction is required.Tax place:Debt capital is regarded as cheaper because involvement payable is deductible f or revenue enhancement intents. Advantage non much for concerns with undiminished revenue enhancement losingss, depreciation revenue enhancement shield as they already have an bing lower revenue enhancement load.Fiscal flexibleness:Depends on how easy a concern can set up finance on sensible footings under inauspicious conditions. Flexibility in raising finance will be influenced by the economic environment ( handiness of rescuers and involvement rates ) and the fiscal place of the concern.Managerial manner:How much to borrow besides depend on directors approach to finance hazard. Conservative directors will usual seek to maintain the debt equity ratio depression.Decision:The concern analysis performed by analyst reduces waste, creates solutions, completes undertakings on clip, Improves efficiency, Document the right demands and it besides reduces the hazard and helps in the growing of the company.